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It allows us to use the data of contact stresses distribution over the rake surface of the cutting tool, received in cutting by a sharp cutting tool (without a flank wear land and cutting edge rounding).
Reduction of the normal contact stresses magnitude by three times far from the cutting edge may be due to the high value of contact temperature (Fig. 4) and contact layer softening [2, 9].
Calculation of the temperature field in the cutting wedge by a finite element method at simulation of cutting with use of software ANSYS12 shows good coincidence between theoretical and experimental data.
Reduction of the normal contact stresses magnitude over the flank land by two times in cutting with a rounded cutting edge explains working capacity at considerable wear of a cutting edge in machining titanium alloy. 6.
Reduction of the greatest internal normal stress σy max in a cutting wedge with appearance of insufficient wear over the flank surface explains the reliability of slightly worn-out cutting tools in machining of titanium alloys.

Numerical sintering studies were supplemented with experimental studies that provided data for calibration and model validation.
The heat resistance of NiAl-based alloys can be increased by alloying or by creating special nanostructures in the alloy — directionally crystallized or non-directionally crystallized, thus providing a reduction in the proportion of transverse boundaries.
At the first stage of experimental studies, differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the process of reduction of neodymium from a technological salt mixture with a magnesium-zinc alloy was carried out.
Experimental data can be used to simulate the sintering process of powder material Contact and Sintering Behavior To calculate a large number of particles, and in particular for sintering processes, the discrete element method is used.
Johnson, New method of obtaining volume, grain boundary, and surface diffusion coefficients from sintering data, Journal of Applied Physics 40 (1969) 192-200

The EBFF work indicated that build-ups with either filler material could be deposited on 321 SS using an optimized processing window that resulted in properties comparable to technical data available for 347 SS and BNi-2.
However, a greater reduction is observed for the application of three re-melts where only a build-up rate of 350 µm per layer was obtained.
With multiple-melt processing, the reduction of the growth rate in the height of the build-up is associated with an increase in the deposit width, which caused a reduction in height to width ratio from 1.5 to 0.85.
For 347 stainless steel (AMS 5512), the material data for sheet, plate or bar stock indicate values of 167 HV for an annealed microstructure [8], while 347 type welding wire feed has been reported to have hardness values of 150 to 210 HV [9,10] and an as-welded hardness of 169 HV [11].
Hence, the hardness values obtained in the present work for the six-layer build-ups correspond closely with the reported data for grade 347 SS in general.

The elastic and plastic parameters, which determine the curve in elastic and strain hardening stages, were obtained from the experimental data.
Fig. 4 Crack length versus reduction for different tension A comparison of the crack length of simulated and experimental results is shown in Fig. 3.
It is shown that the crack length increases with the increasing of total reduction.
The variation of crack length versus total reduction for different tension level is shown in Fig. 4.
The two results agree well with each other and indicate that crack length increases with an increasing of total reduction and unit tension.

The advantages of this technology are energy conservation, pollution reduction, coke quality improvement and the full use of resources.
It provides a large amount of property data, rigorous thermodynamic model and a rich model library of unit operation.
In addition to the pyrolysis reaction, there are gasification- reduction reactions shown in reaction (2), (3) and (4)
This make the n-CDQ technology have the advantages of full use of resources while maintaining the traditional advantages of CDQ technology, for example energy conservation, pollution reduction and improvement of coke quality.
In another word, the simulation cannot accurately reflect the spontaneity of the reaction of coke pyrolysis and gasification- reduction in the CDQ furnace.

These four parameters are defined as the factors which contribute to the reduction of RPM speed as the effect.
It also replaces the function of stopwatch in the previous study by Gonzalez and increase the data precision.
These four independent factors react to the RPM speed reduction.
There were no significant evidence that number of electromagnet turns and disc thickness affected the speed reduction.
The highest speed reduction occurred at higher induced current and smallest air-gap between the electromagnetic pole and the disc.

For instance, ITS has set the target reduction of greenhouse gases in building and support act as a legal framework for promoting ECO Campus program.
The Indonesian government has set the target reduction of greenhouse gases in buildings and has promulgated the “Green Building Construction Support Act” as a legal framework for promoting green buildings.
(1) Q passes through each layer on the window, solution at the surface becomes: (2) Where U, the heat transfer coefficient is (3) The study was conducted by collecting data about load each room in the 2nd level in the ITS head office building and calculating external and internal cooling load.
Conclusion This paper analyzed the insulation benefits and cooling load reductions achieved by introducing optimum layer insulation of bubble wrap selected materials in the window of Dean Faculty room in Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya.
Cooling load reductions were calculated using energy consumption caused by heat transfer through the room window.

Some further data processing techniques should be applied to realize the indirect identification of bridge’s dynamic characteristics utilizing vehicle vibrations.
The increase in identified bridge frequency indicates that the removal of asphalt pavement contributes more in mass reduction than in stiffness reduction.
The increase in the identified bridge frequency indicates that the bridge stiffness reduction due to removing the noise-blocking walls and applying the saw cut in parapets does not contribute as much as the mass reduction.
Some further data pre-processing, decomposition, or analysis techniques should be applied to the raw responses to increase the probability in terms of an indirect identification of bridge’s dynamic characteristics utilizing vehicle vibrations [5].
Some further data pre-processing, decomposition, or analysis techniques should be applied to the raw responses to increase the probability in terms of an indirect identification of bridge’s dynamic characteristics utilizing vehicle vibrations.

For the design of high performance concrete, admixtures are necessary to improve properties of concrete[4,5], hydration heat is one vital data which should be taken into consideration.
The reduction percentages of the hydration in the cementitious material caused by using UFA were summarized in Table 3.
Fig.2 Heat evolution rate of cementitious Fig.3 Heat evolution of cementitious materials with or materials with or without UFA without UFA Table 3 Reduction percentages of hydration heat of cementitious materials with various content of UFA Reduction percentage Time /h % initial setting final setting 10 20 30 40 50 60 72 G1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G5 37.5 37.2 24.7 16.8 14.6 14.6 14.1 13.1 12.1 G6 49.4 49.4 36.7 26.5 22.8 23.3 23.4 22.3 20.9 G7 62.1 63.2 50.3 36 31.5 31.5 31.2 29.8 28.2 Fig.4 Heat evolution rate of cementitious materials Fig.5 Heat evolution of cementitious materials with or without TJ-Ⅲ modified with or without TJ-Ⅲ modified Table 4 Reduction percentage of hydration heat with TJ-Ⅲ modified Reduction Percentage /% Time /h 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 72 G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G3 68.3 74.1 31.2 11.5 5.7 3.6 2.3 2.17 Evaluation of the effect of superplasticizer.
In terms of the results presented in Table 4, the reduction percentage of the hydration heat was 74.1% after 10h setting time, but was only 2.17% after 3 days, which indicates that the effect of TJ-Ⅲ on reducing the hydration heat was primarily on the early stage of hydration.
As shown in Table 5, compared to the control group G1, the reduction percentage after 10h setting time was 31.4% for G3, and was 17.3% for G4.

Therefore, the development of cost-effective metallization technologies is very important for the reduction of manufacturing cost.
Electrochemical is a very mature technology, in which an applied current or potential is used to deposit a film of metal or alloy by the reduction of metallic ions onto a conductive substrate [11].
Lack of these data significantly limits the development of photoplating.
Therefore, the development of cost-effective metallization technologies is very important for the reduction of manufacturing cost.