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The high and low response of grain and grain boundary regions were determined by plotting imaginary part versus real part of resistivity.
The first semicircle is observed at lower frequency which represents the grain boundary contribution to the electrical response.
The second one, in the high frequency range is observed that corresponds to the specific properties of grains [12].
When the temperatures increase, the number of excited electron increase in the system.
At low frequency, the resistivity comes from grain boundary and at high frequency; the resistivity comes from bulk region.

Unfortunately, magnesium has a number of undesirable properties including high chemical reactivity and poor resistance to degradation, such as corrosion.
Figure 1: The effect of casting method and cerium additions on the average grain size of AZ91D.
The high pressure die cast AZ91D exhibits a broad Mg grain size distribution and the formation of a discontinuous net of the Al12Mg17 grain boundary phase.
In addition an increasing Al-concentration towards the Mg grain boundary was observed [4,5].
Since the volume fraction and distribution of the Al12Mg17 phase and Al-content of the Mg-grains have a major influence on the formation of micro-galvanic elements in magnesium-aluminum alloys it is assumed that the addition of Ce leads to a decrease of the number of micro-galvanic elements by lowering the Al12Mg17 phase fraction in AZ91D (Fig.3a).

The number of parameters - or dimensions - included in the maps may vary.
Although both grains are present in the same layers, the difference in area shows that two separate grains are observed.
These points are also overlaid on (c): The {220} pole figures for some of the layers with the layer numbers to the left of the pole figures, illustrating the difference between the narrow spots of the recrystallised grains and the broader peaks of the deformed structure.
The volumes shown in the figure are averages over all {111}-reflections (3 for grain a and 4 for grain b).
This constitutes a 5D map of the new grains.

In the process abrasive slurry enters the machining area through holes in the rotary tool which can assure the grains easily enter the machining surface slurry.
But as the machining hole becomes deep, it is hard for abrasive grains to reach the machining area.
Abrasive slurry enters the machining area through holes in the cutting tool which can assure the grains easily enter the machining surface.
The working force of a single abrasive particle increased and the action of brittle micro-cracks was strengthened and the grains would be crushed.
MRR would increase with the amplitude of tool, static load and the size of abrasive grain at certain range which are accordance with the developed material removal model.

In addition, we have carried out studies on the effect of the number of input tailings of iron ore concentration on the properties of low-strength concrete [16, 17].
Therefore, it is necessary to solve such problems for certain types of components, determining their rational number depending on the required physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete.
Because of the irrational grain composition of the components, it is impossible to obtain its dense packing; therefore, the concrete has an increased defect structure.
In the latter case, the grain composition of the components of the concrete mix is close to rational, therefore, the defect structure and stress concentration is much less.
Mekhanycheskye svoistv melkozernystoho betona s mykrokremnezemom y stekliannoi fybroi [Mechanical properties of fine-grained concrete with micro-silica and glass fiber] T.

In addition to the smoothed envelops, a number of MBN parameters can also be directly calculated from the raw MBN signals.
Recrystallization also creates more grain boundaries when new grains nucleate.
The decrease of the dislocation density and residue stress reduces the number of pinning sites for domain walls, which would result in the reduction of the number of MBN jumps [9], and the decrease of the MBN rms, peak, energy and time integral.
The increase of the grain boundaries tends to increase the number of MBN jumps [6, 10].
Saynajakangas, Non-destructive measurement of steel grain size, Non Destructive Testing. 9 (1976) 117-120.

With the iso-temperature time in semisolid state prolongs, the isometric crystals can be gradually converted into spherical crystal grains.
When temperature rises to 560�, crystal grains grow obviously large, with an average size of crystal grains reaching 22μm or so as well as obvious increase in liquid phase.
When heat insulation is for 3min, dendrite skeletons gradually become fuzzy, with an advent of a few grain-shaped crystal grains.
When heat insulation is for 6min, the spherical evolution of solid phase grains has been basically completed with liquid phase rate reaching 35% or so, tending to have even distribution with some growth in crystal grains.
With a rise in temperature, liquid pools are gradually congregated and enlarged, but their numbers are gradually decreased, as indicated in Fig.2 Literature [7] points out that liquid phases distributed in solid phase crystal grains are due to the fact that the parts of liquid phases are formed completely with solid phase surrounding in the process of crystal grain rouguening.

The outstanding feature of wet blasting is to prevent generation of static electric charge, to use micro abrasive grain, and to have cushioning for workpiece.
Moreover, the using abrasive grain is available on a limited basis.
As a result, in the previous report[3], it has been cleared that blasting conditions (Air pressure, Quantity of abrasive, Blasting time, Blasting distance, Blasting angle, Abrasive material, Abrasive grain size) have an influence on surface texture (Surface roughness, Mean square tilt angle, Mean wavelength of unevenness, Glossness).
In addition, generally martensite stainless steel (SUS420J2 in JIS) which is used as material of scale were applied to workpiece of material, and white alumina (WA) grains were used as abrasive for dry blasting test.
strength mJ/m 2 Critical load N �Accompanying number is blasting time Figure 9: Relationship between adhesive strength and critical load Pre-finished Adhesive strength 50.4mJ/m2 Summary In this report, adhesion of plating was measured by scratch test, and it has been ascertained availability of adhesion evaluation by utilizing wettability.

This nucleus must be at least partly bounded by a high angle grain boundary [4].
Volume fraction analysis yields results that are consistent with the measured rolling texture, despite the limited area (and number of grains) sampled in the EBSD scan.
This suggests that abnormal grain growth may be possible because subgrains surrounded by high angle grain boundaries are more likely to grow (or shrink) rapidly.
The highlighted 2 grains grew abnormally.
The same character that these 2 grains share is that they are all surrounded by high angle grain boundaries because the neighboring grains belong to different texture components.

Approach 1: Grain boundary mapping The grain boundary network in polycrystalline materials is a critical determinant of materials properties. [4] The five parameter, mesoscopic specification of grain boundary character (three parameters describing crystallographic misorientation and two specifying boundary orientation) has recently been shown to yield an appealing interpretation of steady state grain boundary character distributions in several materials systems. [5,6] During grain growth, the populations tend to become inversely related to the associated grain boundary energies.
Because existing experimental methods for measuring grain boundary character are surface sensitive, there are no data addressing how these distributions arise on a grain by grain basis.
Schematic diagram of the grain mapping measurement.
Hence, some regions inside the sample do not satisfy the fit convergence criteria and the details of grain shapes (and, therefore, grain boundary character) cannot be reliably determined.
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by the MRSEC program of the National Science Foundation under Award Number DMR-0520425.