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After investigation, adoption of optimal conditions can produce improved or at least defects-free continuous cast steel billets production. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials To better characterize the billet cross-section cut with specified dimensions (150 x 150 mm2).
Mahajan, "Continuous Casting, The Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology," Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, pp. 1591-1599, (2001)
Linon et al., "Influence of the chemical composition on steel casting performance," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 50-56, (2017)
Weinberg, "Internal cracks in strand-cast billets," The Canadian Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science, vol. 5, pp. 95-105, (1984)
Saxena, "Hot ductility and hot-shortness of steel and measurement techniques: A review," Journal of Metals, Materials, and Minerals, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1-11, (2016)

Experimental materials and methods The raw materials used in the experiments include electrolytic iron, carbonyl iron powder, micro C ferrochromium powder, molybdenum powder, nickel powder and the TiC powder.
SEM images of the raw materials used in the experiment.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered Al-SiC composites containing high volume fraction of SiC, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527(27-28) 92010) 7235-7240
[3] D B Miracle, Metal matrix composites – From science to technological significance, Composites Science and Technology, 65(15-16) (2005) 2526-2540
Gelcast tooling: net shape casting and green machining, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 13(3) (1998) 389-403

The results showed that the concentration of calcium carbonate had a great influence on metal materials, but not a major factor affecting the induction period of non-metallic materials; the average amount of dirt and the standard deviation is inversely proportional to the concentration of calcium carbonate.
References [1] Lianfang Zhang, Honglei Pan:Safety Science and Technology of China, 2009 (by): 170 ~ 172.
In Chinese [14] Chuanfang Yang, Dungu Xu and Ziqiu Shen: Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering(China), 1993,44(3):289~297.
In Chinese [15] Tianqing Liu, Xiangqin Li and Hongling Wang: Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 2002, 16(3): 263~269.
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Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures: Scientific-andtechnical collected articles.
Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 5 (1 (119)) (2022) 53–61
In Materials Science Forum. 1066 (2022) 224–232
Materials Science Forum Submitted.
Lementar, CFD-sim ulation of the pyrolysis process of high-tem perature decomposition of raw materials of plant origin in household solid-fuel boilers.

Materials and Methods As materials for the studying, operational maps of 08Х18Н10Т steel heats, reports of the technical control department on casting and shipment of ingots from these heats, and the results of their forging were used.
Mainier, Influence of stabilization heat treatments on microstructure, hardness and intergranular corrosion resistance of the AISI 321 stainless steel, Journal of materials science 43(2) (2008) 536-540
Mudali, Materials development and corrosion problems in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, Progress in Nuclear Energy 48(4) (2006) 283-313
Kulikov, Phosphorus removal options at induction melting of steel, Key Engineering Materials 822 (2019) 30-36
Kang, Comparison between the surface defects caused by Al2O3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free steel auto sheets, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 26(2) (2019) 178-185

The effects caused by ultrasonic vibrations have mixed materials at the interface between phases in the weld pool.
Between annealed and unannealed materials, there is a significant discrepancy.
Materials 2022;15:5168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155168
Effect of Heat Input and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of IS2062-IS103 CR 1 Steel Weldments 2015, International Journal of Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, 4(3): 17-24. https://doi.org/ 10.5281/ZENODO.3387201
Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials.

Materials and Method Materials Shea butter (SB) was sourced from the National Research Institute, Umudike.
These observations are in agreement with the findings of Chou et al. [30] on the BET characterization of porous materials.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences 9(5) (2025) 239-243
Chien, Surface area determination of porous materials: a weighted-average BET approach.
Journal of Food Science and Technology 53(1) (2016) 730-738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2033-7

R China 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025,P.
Atkinson: Progress in Materials Science Vol. 50 (2005), p. 341-412 [5] J.G.
Wang, et al: Materials letters Vol. 58 (2004), p. 3852-3856 [6] D.H.
Zhang, et al: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 184 (2007), p. 195-200 [10] Z.
Callister, Fundamentals of materials science and engineering.

The combined effect of temperature and humidity to composite materials structure and properties is very large [2~3].
Test Test materials and equipment.
Materials Engineering, 1990(12): 19~22.
[3] Ray.B C.Temperature effect during humid aging on interfaces of glass and carbon fibers reinforced epoxy composites[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2006,298:111~117
（in chinese） [6] Wang X J,Liang G Z,Zhang W.Impact on the performance of high-performance composite materials heat aging[J].Solid Rocket Technology,2006,29(3):301-304.

The material of the conical shell was 2A12 and the material of target and balance weight was 45 steel.
Material model.
The material used for target is 45 steel.
Acknowledgement It is a project supported by the Science Foundation of CAEP for this research, Grant No.2007A04001 References [1] Zhou Chunyan,Yu Tongxi,Lishiwei: Review on shock response of portable electroric products under drop inpact-tests,simulations and theories.
Gupta, Venkatesh: Experimental and numerical studies of impact axial compression of thin-walled conical shells[J], International Journal of Impact Engineering.34(2007),p,708-721 [6] Chen Gang: Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Penetration Effects of Semi-Armor-Piercing Warhead [D].