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Also, darker and brighter ‘’grains’’ were present.
The greatest number of darker "grains" resided at the bottom of the ingot (Fig. 3d).
The greatest number of pores was observed in the middle of the ingot (Fig. 4).
The number of silicon precipitates increased from the top toward the bottom of the ingot.
The greatest number of pores was observed in the middle of the upper part of the ingot.

The dendritic primary austenite grains are changed into non-dentritic or equiaxed grains, and the eutectic ledeburite carbide networks are fine.
Here, 'A' expresses the area of measured crystal grain; 'L' expresses the length of measured crystal grain.
'D' expresses the size of the grain; the smaller the value of 'D' is, the smaller the grain is.
The fine and globular grains can improve ability of plastic deformation as the result of the larger total surface of grain boundary and less stress concentration.
In region3, the grains and grain boundaries are stretched and the carbide networks are broken totally along the radial direction, and then forms the banding distribution.

Factors that cause fatigue failure are working stress, number of cycles, surface roughness and material properties.
Contain of Cu relatively not change the size of grain, only 3% Cu showed coarse grain than other.
The higher Cu content indicates higher number of cycles.
To improve the fatigue strength of this alloy it is necessary to improve the casting process so as to produce finer grain size, more rounded grain shape and finer particle particles [5,6].
The higher Cu content indicates higher number of cycles.

The large grain can only be found near the prior b grain boundary.
Change in Grain Size of b Phase During SST.
The undissolved α phase at the grain boundary during SST may suppress grain growth of β grain, as shown in Fig. 5(b).
However, the oxygen concentration in β grain near the grain boundary would be low because grain boundaries work as a segregation site and absorb the oxygen.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP23H01711, JP23K26404.

Mean linear intercept technique was used to estimate the average grain size.
The average grain size is about 72μm.
The decrease in heat input tends to result in a grain refinement, while the decrease in degree of material deformation generally leads to an increase in the grain size.
However, compared with the normal FSP specimen, the number of dimples increases in the failed SFSP specimen, and their distribution are more uniform.
Faraji, Producing ultrafine-Grained AZ91 from As-Cast AZ91 by FSP, Mater.

The BSE signal is stronger from the elements with a higher atomic number (atomic numbers: Mn - 25, Ni - 28, Ga - 31).
On the wheel side of the ribbon, the structure of equiaxed grains is present, together with some grains elongated in a direction transversal to the rotation of the wheel (Fig. 8 (a)).
The linear grain size is 1.5. µm.
The linear grain size on the free surface of the ribbon is 6 µm.
These grains have random crystal orientation (Fig. 7 (a) and (b)).

A fine-grained material is harder and stronger than that with coarse grains because it has a greater total grain boundary area to impede dislocation motion [3].
But it can be seen that the grain size distribution tends to be rather heterogeneous: grain sizes vary from 3 to 30um with an average of 13um.
The number of independent modes for the basal is only two, which is not sufficient for satisfying the von Mises criterion [5].
Fig.2(a) shows inhomogeneous grain size distribution, the fraction of small grains was much larger than that of the extruded one, and average grain size was also much smaller than the extruded alloy.
Simultaneously, when rolling at 673K, the grain size became larger, and the growth of DRX grains was determined as shown in Fig.2(c).

The farmer’s soil of raw materials and accessories should be numbered.
Purchasing from the grain library.
Liquor enterprises could establish contractual relations with grain library.
The grain library should partition store grain and make the identification through interest bond.
The raw materials and accessories purchased should be marked with cards, the content of the card included name of commodity, quantity, harvest date, place of production, grain varieties, base name, farmers number, farmers name, whether or not use drug, batch number etc.

Obviously the matrix was composed of transformed β grains with small size, the grain boundary was relatively clear, most of the equiaxed α phase grew up along the grain boundaries.
The size of transformed β grains increased but the size of equiaxed α phase hardly changed in Fig.2b.
Firstly count the number of grain of αp and αs in the field of known area A, calculate the average area of the single grain of αp and αs with Eq. (1),have the radius r to the equivalent circle of the single grain αp and αs with Eq.2, finally guide the data into the origin 8, and generated the radius trend of four samples.
All of this owed to the following reason: a comparatively short period of heat preservation made primary α grain size not in average size, and bent grain boundary moved to the curvature center by surface tension, ending up with growing of big grain and decrease of small grain.
As heat preservation prolonged, grain will be distributed uniformly in the alloy, grain surface tension will decrease, making a stable state for grain, and the influence of dynamic factors will also decrease gradually.

This is due to the fact that increasing the concentration also increased the number of particles per unit volume and the probabilities for particles of colliding with each other increased and then the agglomeration would get heavier due to Van der Waals force and surface tension.
Compared with direct and converse feeding methods, the grain size was almost the same, but the grain size distribution was narrower with the simultaneous feeding method.
The reaction temperature affects both grain growth and nucleation rate.
Laser grain size analysis of precipitate The grain size distribution of the precursor is shown in Table 3.
The grain size is fine and the distribution is also homogenized.