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An ‘X’ instead of a number means the value is common (either 30, 50 and 70 if in superscript, or 4, 6 and 8 if in subscript).
Roundness of the Cr and number of small particle of Cr is also less in this sample.
The grey color grains are Cr which has been shown in the Fig. 3 as EDS spectra.
The changes in hardness may be due to changes in the grain sizes of Cu.
The changes in grain structure may results the changes in conductivity [7].

Mean linear intercept technique was used to estimate the average grain size.
The average grain size is about 72μm.
The decrease in heat input tends to result in a grain refinement, while the decrease in degree of material deformation generally leads to an increase in the grain size.
However, compared with the normal FSP specimen, the number of dimples increases in the failed SFSP specimen, and their distribution are more uniform.
Faraji, Producing ultrafine-Grained AZ91 from As-Cast AZ91 by FSP, Mater.

The grain size was calculated by measuring the average cross-section area per grain taken as spherical shape.
The measured grain size was multiplied by 1.225 to determine the true grain size.
The abrupt appearance of exaggerated grains can be found at 1375 °C and 1400 °C.
Numerous residual pores and intergranular gap can be observed frequently at multiple grain junctions, as shown in Fig. 1(e) and 1(f), and the number of pores tends to increase with the sintering temperature.
The decreased transmission can be attributed to the grain and pore growth.

The grain morphology changes considerably depending on the sintering conditions.
The impedance spectroscopy diagrams at 360 °C (Fig. 3) show two semicircles due to grain and grain boundary resistivities.
The numbers over experimental points are the logarithm of the frequency (in Hz).
Figure 4 - Arrhenius plots of the grain conductivity of LSGM sintered pellets.
The grain size increases with increasing temperature and time in fast fired specimens.

This is due to the fact that increasing the concentration also increased the number of particles per unit volume and the probabilities for particles of colliding with each other increased and then the agglomeration would get heavier due to Van der Waals force and surface tension.
Compared with direct and converse feeding methods, the grain size was almost the same, but the grain size distribution was narrower with the simultaneous feeding method.
The reaction temperature affects both grain growth and nucleation rate.
Laser grain size analysis of precipitate The grain size distribution of the precursor is shown in Table 3.
The grain size is fine and the distribution is also homogenized.

According to relevant reports [7], with the increase of Zn content, the grain size decreases and the grain boundary becomes more obvious.
It can be seen from the grain sizes distribution chart that the grain size decreased with the increasing of Ca addition.
The results show that the increase of Ca addition not only refines the grain size, but also makes the grain size distribution uniform.
And they obviously had a rod-like phase on the grain boundary and partially cross the grain boundary.
The experiment show that a large number of phases precipitated at the grain boundaries.

The number and size of stomata and inclusion have also been reduced.
The grain is relatively smaller and small rose-shaped grain is formed which has the largest grain size about 40um.
Through this process, the number of the grain is greater and the size of it is smaller.
Fig. 2 b) shows the microstructure cast at 624°C with a larger water-cooled copper mold (The inner diameter is 30mm), Comparing with Fig.2 a), the number of the grain is smaller and the size of it is larger.
Thus, the critical nuclear size is larger and the number of nuclear is smaller which make the grain size larger.

The distribution of the dissipated power, can be calculated from [5]: (3) where n represents the number of elements, ρi is a diagonal tensor of resistivity of the grain oriented silicon steel, Jei is the eddy current density vector of the element i, and Vi is the volume element.
We denoted the rolling direction change by the numbers clearly specific in Fig.5b and Fig.6b.
The rolling direction changes happened in the frame corners and they were indentified with the consecutive number 1 to 4.
This simulation consisted to combine the high grain oriented electrical steels analyzed in this work, M4 an M5-H2 with the standard grain oriented M5.
To combine the high grain oriented electrical steels (in the internal laminations) with standard grain oriented reduce considerably eddy current losses.

For all part numbers, the shear strength (S) could range from 613-772 MPa (89-112 Ksi).
Only under the 5000x magnification of the SEM, apparently larger grains of the H vendor were composed of ultra-fine grains(<1μm).
Sample H33 appears to have similar grains size as sample S33.
Samples from vendor S were always below this number
Barrows, “Revealing Prior Austenite Grain Boundaries of 4340 Steel”.

This paper presents a number of studies on the mechanism of work hardening of high manganese steel alloyed with chromium and vanadium after heat treatment Experiment Procedure Table 1.
The average size of austenite grain 1 is 3,910μm2 (level 5 according to ASTM standard) and sample 2 is 1,950μm2 (level 6 according to ASTM standard).The grain size of carbides in the boundary of sample 2 is less than that of sample 1 and the austenite grains size are also smaller.
That results in the small grain of austenite.
However due to chromium carbide dissolved in austenite, they could not prevent the growth of austenitic grain, austenite formed large grain size.
Sample 2 has the better toughness, value 115 J/cm2: The toughness Sample 2 has higher because in the microstructure of samples 2 austenite grain is finer, vanadium carbide in nano-sized particles exist inside of austenite grain and no carbide at grain boundaries.