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In all instances, the grain size at the end of recrystallization was very fine, D ≤ 2 µm and larger grain sizes were the result of grain growth.
A range of grain sizes 2 µm ≤ D ≤ 50 µm was covered by the grain growth experiments.
The number of pixels per grain size (mean linear intersection) was always bigger than 10 for the images used for grain size determination.
�D D 65.0 ≅ σ (2) N is the number of intersections with randomly oriented lines not crossing any grain more than once.
Grain growth equation.

However, rough rice grain is different from other grains because it has an outer cover shell (palea and lemma) and a bran layer.
In this sense, the current study aims to analyze the moisture removal and its effects on the stress cracking and the number of brown rice grains (BRSMG CONAI variety) at the temperatures of 60 and 80oC.
Air Rough rice grain T (oC) RH v(m/s) Mo(d.b.)
The increased number of cracked kernels probably occurred due to stress induced by moisture gradients during drying [9,10].
This process strongly influences the current number of cracked or broken grains.

Therefore a number of literatures are found which report the beneficial utilisation of the orientation [10,13].
Average grain sizes were calculated by counting the number of crystal grains in these micrographs.
With the initial grain size of 18 and 26μm, huge grain structures were obtained at any reduction.
Initial grain sizes; 37μm.
During the grain growth, the grain boundary migrated at the expense of the strain.

Equation 4 assumes that the number of atoms in the actual and control simulation cell are the same.
The area of each grain is proportional to the number of atoms in each grain, the proportionality being the area per atom, ao.
To calculate the number of atoms in each grain, an atomic orientation order parameter ηi is used to define the orientation, and therefore the grain identity of each atom.
The number of atoms involved in each such shuffle is directly related to the atomic-structure of the grain boundary.
Typically, the number of atoms in each shuffle as well as the shuffle frequency increases with the symmetry of the grain boundary, and the temperature.

Structure and grain size.
The distribution of coincident site lattice in the samples indicates that after primary recrystallization, the largest number is ∑3 boundaries, and the second largest number is ∑13 or ∑11 boundaries.
Distribution of grain orientation.
For high permeability grain-oriented silicon steel by inherent inhibitor method, the best primary grain size is 10～15μm due to the inhibition, and secondary recrystallization would accomplish sufficiently with excellent magnetic properties [5].While for high permeability grain-oriented silicon steel by acquired inhibitor method, （Al,Si）N has to be formed by nitrogen injection before the final annealing to insure the enough numbers of inhibitor, so the primary grain size should be 18～30μm for ideal secondary recrystallization texture [6].
Harase J and Shimizu proposed that there are large numbers of CSL boundary around the growing Goss grains.

A small number of samples were also tested under strain rates of 0.1 s-1 and 4 s-1.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 20µm 20µm a) b) Figure 2.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 5 Once a necklace has formed, the same assumptions can be used to generate an expression for the fraction DRX by estimating the volume unfilled by the necklace.
Influence of initial grain size on a) εp and σp and, b) the DRX grain size and fraction. 4.
The regions shown in this plot are numbered to be consistent with previous work; the missing Region II is the dynamic recovery steady state region.

In other grains, grain-grain interactions arise due to an imposed constraint from the neighboring grains on the shape change of the grain in question.
Out of the whole sample, four grains numbered from 1 to 4 were picked out to study the orientation evolution and grain-grain interaction after each deformation step.
It moves upwards in grain 1 while it goes downwards in grain 3 and grain 4.
Euler angles of grain 1: [185 31 218], grain 2: [280 46 79], grain 3: [8.6 31 35], grain 4: [5.2 31.5 35].
Acknowledgements—The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Belgian Science Foundation (FWO) under contact number G.0379.07 and the financial support from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme—Belgian State-Belgian Science Policy (Contract P6/24) References 1.

Results and Discussions Fig. 1 shows the microstructures of ECAPed Al-3mass%Mg alloy with the number of passes.
The specimen of before ECAP processed had equiaxed grain structure, grain size of it was 134 μm.
Fig. 1 The microstructure of ECAPed Al-3mass%Mg alloy (a) before (b) 1 pass (c) 2 passes (d) 3 passes (e) 4 passes Fig. 2 shows variation of Vickers hardness and mean grain size with number of passes for ECAPed Al-3mass%Mg alloy.
The grain size decreased with increasing number of passes and maintained constant after 2 passes.
Fig. 2 Variation of Vickers hardness and mean grain size with number of passes for ECAPed Al-3mass%Mg alloy Fig. 3 shows the microstructures of ECAPed 4 passes Al-Mg alloy.

Theoretical and Practical Considerations of Grain Refinement of Mg-Al Alloys L.
This is followed by considerations of the theoretical and practical aspects of grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys by carbon-based grain refiners.
While Zr is very effective in grain refining a number of Mg alloys, it does not work in Mg-Al alloys.
Zr reacts with the dissolved Al to form a number of intermetallics.
The grain refining effect is obvious, although it is not as strong as expected.

Introduction Huge grains are formed during secondary recrystallization of grain oriented silicon steel.
As the magnetic properties of grain oriented silicon steel are dominated by the resulting texture of the secondary recrystallized grains, a large number of investigations have been conducted on the control of texture [1].
Besides macroscopic curvature of each grain boundary facet, microscopic curvature near the inhibitors was found on grain boundaries.
enriched on the grain boundary.
Therefore, the grain boundary motion in secondary recrystallization of Fe-3 mass% Si alloys is directly or indirectly controlled by a number of factors such as the size and distribution of inhibitors and grain boundary segregation.