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Heer: Science.
Dai: Science.
Kumar: Science.
Zettl: Science.
Rinzler: Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 88-5 (2000), p.2509 [36] B.

Detection of nucleic acids has wide ranging applications in biomedical, food, forensic and environmental sciences as well as in anti-bioterrorism.
The development of highly sensitive, cost-effective and miniaturized biosensors and biochips requires advanced technology coupled with fundamental knowledge in chemistry, biology, and material sciences.
Thus designing biosensors with higher efficacy depends on the development of novel materials to improve both the recognition and transduction processes.
SERS offers a great promise to develop biosensor in the fields of biochemistry, forensics science, food science, Environment science and medical diagnostics.
Latif5, Nanobiosensor for Detection and Quantification of DNA Sequences in Degraded Mixed Meats, Journal of Nanomaterials, (2011), 11 pages

Ablatives are heat-shielding materials used to protect aerospace substructures.
Composite materials provide an unlimited range of properties which can be achieved by alternating its parameters like type of constituent materials , composition, void volume, orientation and distribution of reinforcement materials, ply angle in case of laminate composites) (2-4).
Advanced Materials-97, 57-65 (1997) [2] M.B.
Defense Science journal Vol.56, NO.3, July 2006, PP 309320
Journal of Advanced Material, January 1991

Propagating and Reconstructing Cracks in 3D in Cement-based Materials Guanguo Liu 1,2,a, Aibin Ma 1,b, Honggen Qin3,c, Ping Zhang3,d 1 College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 2 Jiangsu Transportation Institute Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Large-span Bridge Health Inspection & Diagnosis Technology Ministry of Communications, Nanjing 211112, China 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Material, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China algg@jstri.com,b aibin-ma@hhu.edu.cn, c qinhonggen@126.com, dzhangpingseu@163.com Keywords: X-CT; Cracks;Three-dimensional reconstruction; Quantitative calculation Abstract: Three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative calculation were performed by X-ray computerized tomography to propagate cracks in paste, mortar, and concrete specimens.
Introduction Controlling cracks in concrete structures has been a research emphasis in structural engineering and materials science for many years.
Raw materials and mix proportion Approximately 40 mm was cut from the head of a cylinder after a certain period.
Chob L.C.Wang The relationship between pore structure and chloride diffusivity from ponding test in cement-based materials Materials Chemistry and Physics 2005.11
Computed tomography technology for microstructural studying on cement-based materials: a review on the state of the art[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society，2010,38（7）：1346-1356

Carry out multiple composite test of basalt fiber reinforced concrete composite materials and other materials.
This will provide new programs for choosing materials of high-rise buildings and large span bridges.
Materials and Design, Vol. 42(2012), p. 265-271 [9] Jie Lian, Yongxin Yang, Meng Yang: Industrial construction Vol. 37(2007) p. 8 - l0 [10] Zhaoxian Wu, Haiqing Yuan, Zhean Lu, Xiaochun Fan: Concrete Vol. 30(2009) p. 67-68 [11] Dongqing He, Zhean Lu: Journal of Henan university (natural science edition) Vol. 39(2009) p.320-322 [12] Miao Peng, Haoxiong Huang, Qinghe Liao, Jiachun Wang: Concrete Vol. 33(2012) p. 74-75 [13] Huimin Pan:Journal of silicate bulletin Vol. 28(2009) p. 955-972 [14] Weimin Li, Jinyu Xu: Journal of silicate Vol. 36(2008) p. 476-481 [15] Jinqiu Dong, Yanting Du, Baolian Wen, Lixi Sun, Jiaqing Wang: Industrial construction Vol. 41(2011) p. 638-641 [16] Weimin Li, Jinyu Xu, Liujun Shen, Qing Li: Journal of composite materials Vol. 25(2008) p. 135-142 [17] Jinyu Xu, Feilin Fan, Erlei Bai, Junzhong Liu: Journal of underground space and engineering Vol. 6(2010) p. 1665-1671 [18] Jinyong Yang, Jinyu Xu, Weimin Li: Journal of new building materials
Vol. 35(2008) p. 69-72 [19] Weimin Li, Jinyu Xu: Journal of engineering mechanics Vol. 26(2009) p. 86-91 [20] Qingxin Zhao, Jinqiu Dong, Huimin Pan, Shengwang Hao: Journal of composite materials Vol. 27(2010) p. 120-125 [21] Huajun Zhu.
Journal of building materials technology and applications Vol. 22(2002) p. 8-10 [35] Zhishen Wu, Gang Wu, Xin Wang, Xianji Hu, Jianbiao Jiang: Industrial construction Vol. 39(2009) p. 1-14

Furthermore, the frictional heat causes the materials to deform plastically [2].
Shrivastava, “Ductile fracture based joint formation mechanism during friction stir welding,” International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 168, Nov. 2019
Dhindaw, “Numerical simulation of temperature distribution using finite difference equations and estimation of the grain size during friction stir processing,” Materials Science and Engineering A, 543, 231-242, Mar. 2012
Rynkovskaya, “Development of a Finite Element Model for Thermal Analysis of Friction Stir Welding (FSW),” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 495, 2019
Bauri, “Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 539, 85-92, Jan. 2012

Xia: submitted to Journal of Advanced Materials (2001)
McLellan: submitted to Journal of Advanced Functional Materials (2003)
Zhao: submitted to Journal of Materials Letters (2010)
Kaler: submitted to Journal of Advanced Materials (2000)
Kurian: submitted to International Journal of Polymeric Materials (2003).

Shiraishi: International Journal of Polymeric Materials Vol. 33 (1996), p. 61~63 [6] M.
Lee: Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 83 (2002), p. 1482~1489 [9] M.
Chen: Polymer Materials Science and Engineering (in Chinese) Vol. 17 (2001), p. 173~174 [11] T.
Gogolewski: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Vol. (2003), p. 813~826 [13] Y.
Woodhouse: Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 75 (2000), p.1522~1534

The first condition to respect is the choice of the materials "Real" and the "Model".
The law of flow"s material formulates that as for real materials, simulation materials behave the same when constraints overcome a certain threshold.
The materials used as follows: representing AA2024T3 is beige plasticine (modeling clay) and red plasticine for the copper sheet[9,10].
The final result will be the creation of a model of FSW for different materials with different kind of joining 5_References [1] NANDAN (R)-DEBROY (T)-BHADESHIA (H K D H) - Recent advances in Friction Stir Welding-Process,Weldment, Structure and properties - Progress in Materials Science 53 PP 980-1023 (2008) [2] BASTIER (A), Modélisation du soudage d'alliages d'aluminium par friction et malaxage, Thèse de doctorat de l'Ecole Polytechnique, décembre (2006) [3] GLUKHMAN (A.A.). - Introduction to the theory of similarity.
[6] LE FLOCH (A)-JACOMET (S)-MONTMITONNET (P) Simulation physique des procédés de mise en forme : Théorie et pratique Techniques de l'Ingénieur, traité Matériaux métalliques M3020 (1997) [7] BUFFA (G) HUA (J) SHIVPURI (R) FRATINI (L) - Design of the friction stir welding tool using the continuum based FEM model - Materials science & Engineering - MSA-19606; (2005) [8] DICKERSON (T) SHERCLIFF (H) SCHMIDT (H) - A weld marker technique for flow visualization in friction stir welding - 4 th International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, ParkCity, Utah, USA (2003) [9] LIECHTY BC, WEBB BW - Flow field characterization of friction stir processing using a particle -grid method - Journal of materials processing technology 208 pp431-443 (2008) [10] LIECHTY BC, WEBB BW - the use of plasticine as an analog to explore material flow in friction stir welding - Journal of materials processing technology 184 pp240-250 (2007)

Acoustic Properties of Materials for Vibration Reduction and Resistance on Ultra-precision Machine Dan Huang1, a, Ying Wang2,b 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000 2 School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000 ahuangdan@hpu.edu.cn, bjyjdle@126.com Keywords: ultra-precision machining, porous media, viscous flow, acoustic absorption coefficient Abstract.
A complete theoretical description of waves in materials with pores was obtained by Boit [4] in 1956.
Porous materials absorb acoustic energy by friction with the air that moves inside the pores.
Acknowledgement This research is financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China under grant No. 51102080, Henan Science and Technology Department under grant No. 112102210244, Henan Education Department under grant No. 2011A440002 and the Opening Project of Henan Key Discipline Open Laboratory of Mining Engineering Materials.
Lee: International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 50(2010), p. 241 [3] U.