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The linear intercept method was used to measure prior β grain size and α-laths spacing.
The prior β grain sizes were measured by a mean linear intercept method.
Therefore, the growth of each grain is significantly inhibited when the modulus is small.
In addition, the grain number increases owing to thermodynamic factor, and the competitive growth of liquid atoms depends on kinetic factor.
Therefore, the Vickers hardness decreases with the prior β grain size and α-laths spacing which can be ascribed to the grain refinement effect.

Introduction Bainite lath formed within austenite (γ) grain (BWING) is well known to improve strength and toughness [1,2].
This case is in analogy of grain boundary in poly-crystal.
The number of BWINGs being contained within an ALPS was estimated.
The number of BWINGs within an ALPS is 1.86 and 2.05 in SP without and with pre-treatment, respectively.
As the number of BWINGs having the largest Schmid factor in an ALPS increases, deformation begins in various area.

Finally, a number of observations are presented on the prognosis (opportunities and challenges) for the future of through process modelling.
A number of examples have been selected to illustrate different aspects of the model.
Further, using the data from the finite element method model, estimates of grain shape/thickness and a simple estimate of stored energy based on the flow stress and the increase in grain boundary area during extrusion (see reference [18] for details) was done.
It can be seen that in both cases, the microstructure was fully recrystallized and has a grain size of 10-15 μm after extrusion.
Nevertheless, there are a number of important challenges in developing such models.

However, the grain size is different.
At the same time, it can be observed that there are differences in the size and number of dimples in the four photos.
At the same time, it can be observed that there are differences in the size and number of dimples in the four photos.
It can be seen from the figure that the 0# sample without N added has strip and block precipitation at the grain boundary and intersection of different grains.
That is, the diffusion rate of chromium in the grain is smaller than the diffusion rate along the grain boundary, and the internal chromium does not reach the grain boundary.

British standard sieve number.
Each separate sieve weight was multiplied by the preceding sieve mesh number.
Table 2 shows the result of sieve analysis of Chalawa Sand, the Grain Fineness Number (AFS) was found to be 75.40 AFS.
Furthermore, the Grain Fineness Number on the AFS scale of the sand (75.40 AFS) is within the recommended value for the core sand 30.5-90AFS [8].
Grain Fineness Number (GFN) = = 75.40 AFS The green permeability of the sand was found to be approximately 260 millimetre water per second.

We use pole figure measurement in X-ray diffraction, because distribution and number of the small crystals are directly observable.
In case of the polycrystal, the number of poles is proportional to the number of crystal grains.
Figure 6 shows pole figure of polycrystal silicon wafer consisting of many crystal grains.
As a conclusion, the number of poles in the pole figure is proportional to the number of crystal grains.
As a conclusion, our spherical silicon consists of two kinds of grains.

At a deformation temperature of 200 °C both materials showed a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of highly deformed zones appearing as huge grains or bands and of very small (~ 3 µm) grains.
Still, high temperature plasticity and the role of dislocations in deformation, especially at high strains are not very well understood, owing to the low crystal symmetry and thus, low number of independent slip systems of the hexagonal crystal structure.
Microscopic observations after thermo-mechanical processing and annealing revealed a homogeneous microstructure with equiaxed uniform grains and grain sizes of ~25 µm for AZ31 and ~40 µm for pure magnesium.
The microstructure is composed of highly deformed large grains surrounded by small equiaxed recrystallized grains.
Some grains, like grain D have an unfavourable orientation for prismatic slip and also for basal slip, i.e. a Schmid factor close to zero.

The Impact of the Grain size of oil Shale.
Conduct dry distillation on the oil shale with three different grain sizes to study the impact of grain size on the oil content.
Table 3 The impact of different grain sizes on oil content 　 grain size/mm 0—0.2 0.2—3 3—5 　 oil content/% 3. 25 3. 87 3. 03 　 3. 75 4. 10 2. 97 　 average /% 3. 50 3. 99 3. 0 The results show that the oil content reaches its maximum when the grain size is in the range of 0.2-3 mm.
However, too small grain size may result in poor ventilation as well as a small amount of oil loss in the process of crushing.
Therefore, the appropriate grain size should be in the range of 0.2-3 mm.

The recrystallization grains of cold rolled TRC strips tend to be coarse[1, 5-8].
Since a large amount of solute elements, such as Mn, Fe and Si, supersaturated in the TRC strips, which precipitate a large number of intermetallic particles during annealing.
In contrast, fine equiaxed recrystallization grains are observed in the strip which are homogenized at 520℃(Fig1c).
And the recrystallization grains change to smaller when the homogenization temperature increase to 580℃(Fig.1d).
Consequently, the recrystallizing grains experience the largest Zener drag in the direction normal to the rolling plane, leading to pancake-like recrystallization of grains, which display extremely coarse and elongated grains on the longitudinal section along RD/ND plane(Fig.1(c) and Fig.1(d)).

The results showed that the ensuing surface profiles were controlled by several factors: applied boundary conditions, Taylor factor and shear tendency of the individual grains and the spatial distribution of grain neighborhood orientations.
Groche et al. [5] found that the influence of single grain on surface roughness evolution could be ignored when the number of grains inside the plastic zone was higher than 20.
Stoudt et al. [6], Stoudt et al., [7] proposed that surface roughness kept a linear relationship with uniaxial plastic strain for the finest grain size, and a quadratic model became more suitable for large grain size.
This is unalloyed structural fine grain steel having the following mechanical properties: Re = 235 MPa, Rm = 340 – 440 MPa, A = 25 % [9,10].
On the correlation between crystallographic grain size and surface evolution in metal forming processes.