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Online since: August 2013
Authors: Gui Juan Song, Gang Li
Attribute reduction is a key problem for rough set theory.
The actual application shows that the method is feasible and effective Introduction The theory of rough set proposed by Pawlak [1] in 1982 is a new method for data processing based on equivalence relation, and it has been successfully applied in such artificial intelligence fields as machine learning, pattern recognition, decision analysis, process control, knowledge discovery in databases and expert systems.
In Section 4, we show some example on fourteen public data sets.
Information System and Decision Table At Rough sets have been employed to remove redundant conditional attributes from discrete-valued data sets while retaining their information content.
This method does not always generate a minimal reduct, but it does result in a close-to-minimal reduct, which is still useful in reducing data set dimensionality.
The actual application shows that the method is feasible and effective Introduction The theory of rough set proposed by Pawlak [1] in 1982 is a new method for data processing based on equivalence relation, and it has been successfully applied in such artificial intelligence fields as machine learning, pattern recognition, decision analysis, process control, knowledge discovery in databases and expert systems.
In Section 4, we show some example on fourteen public data sets.
Information System and Decision Table At Rough sets have been employed to remove redundant conditional attributes from discrete-valued data sets while retaining their information content.
This method does not always generate a minimal reduct, but it does result in a close-to-minimal reduct, which is still useful in reducing data set dimensionality.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Hai Ying Kang, Ren Fa Shen, Yan Jie Qi, Wen Yan, Hai Qi Zheng
Rough set only deals with discrete data, but the original attribute value is consecutive, so the data must be discredited.
The way of equivalent space interval is used and reduct attribute is taken out, and then obtain discrete data outcome listed in TABLEⅡ.
Discrete data outcome U a f D 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 4 4 3 2 5 4 4 3 6 4 4 3 7 2 2 4 8 2 3 4 9 1 1 1 10 4 2 2 11 4 4 3 12 2 2 4 The last decision TABLEⅢ. comes from TABLEⅡ. through condition attribute reduction.
Conclusions The condition attribute reduction algorithm proposed in this paper has universal property, so it can be used in other information domain, and it is more effective for the higher dimensional condition attribute and data.
[8] Parpinelli R S, Lopes H S, Freitas, “Data mining with an ant colony optimization algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 6(4), 2002, pp.321-332
The way of equivalent space interval is used and reduct attribute is taken out, and then obtain discrete data outcome listed in TABLEⅡ.
Discrete data outcome U a f D 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 4 4 3 2 5 4 4 3 6 4 4 3 7 2 2 4 8 2 3 4 9 1 1 1 10 4 2 2 11 4 4 3 12 2 2 4 The last decision TABLEⅢ. comes from TABLEⅡ. through condition attribute reduction.
Conclusions The condition attribute reduction algorithm proposed in this paper has universal property, so it can be used in other information domain, and it is more effective for the higher dimensional condition attribute and data.
[8] Parpinelli R S, Lopes H S, Freitas, “Data mining with an ant colony optimization algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 6(4), 2002, pp.321-332
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Hao Luan, Jun Yang
Import tariffs equivalents calculation based on carbon tariffs
The data used for this study is based on version 8 of GTAP-E (Global Trade Analysis Project- Energy) database.
The benchmark year of the data is 2007, which covers 129 countries/regions, and 57 sectors.
We adopt Walmsley’s recursive dynamic method to update the data in base year (2007) to 2020.
The updating processes for population, labor, capital and GDP data are carried out in three phases (2007-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2020) to reflect the endowment and economic development [8].
Thus, the impacts of carbon tariffs on global and China’s emission reduction are very limited.
The benchmark year of the data is 2007, which covers 129 countries/regions, and 57 sectors.
We adopt Walmsley’s recursive dynamic method to update the data in base year (2007) to 2020.
The updating processes for population, labor, capital and GDP data are carried out in three phases (2007-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2020) to reflect the endowment and economic development [8].
Thus, the impacts of carbon tariffs on global and China’s emission reduction are very limited.
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Gao Lin, Jing Zhou Lu, Lin Chen, Xu Zhu, Na Xu
Linear and exponential curve fit of experimental data is performed respectively to describe the evolution of damage as well as the descent of ultrasonic velocity with respect to the loading history.
The reduction degree of ultrasonic velocities is calculated according to following equation.
But then it can be seen from this figure that the mix proportion has no visible effect on the relationship between the damage and the loading history, so two groups of data can be investigated together.
The rule of ultrasonic velocity reduction for concrete specimen experienced hydrostatic compression.
And that induce the reduction of strength and the descent of ultrasonic velocity.
The reduction degree of ultrasonic velocities is calculated according to following equation.
But then it can be seen from this figure that the mix proportion has no visible effect on the relationship between the damage and the loading history, so two groups of data can be investigated together.
The rule of ultrasonic velocity reduction for concrete specimen experienced hydrostatic compression.
And that induce the reduction of strength and the descent of ultrasonic velocity.
Online since: March 2017
Authors: Rianti Dewi Sulamet-Ariobimo, Andi Rustandi, Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, Amanda Arief Putra, Cornelius Erick Arifin, John Samuel Saragi, Adji Kawigraha
This data shows that higher reduction temperature resulted in higher formation of wustite and magnetite.
While Figure 6 represents the result of reduction process with the lowest reduction parameter.
The data shows that wustite tends to diminish as process duration increase.
Data resulting from step 1 shows that the highest formation of wustite is happened in reduction temperature of 1000oC with 1:2 weight ratio; the highest formation of magnetite is happened in reduction temperature of 800oC with 1:4 weight ratio.
Data resulting from step 2 shows that wustite highest formation is happened in reduction temperature of 1000oC with 30 minutes process duration and magnetite highest formation is in reduction temperature of 700oC with 30 minutes process duration.
While Figure 6 represents the result of reduction process with the lowest reduction parameter.
The data shows that wustite tends to diminish as process duration increase.
Data resulting from step 1 shows that the highest formation of wustite is happened in reduction temperature of 1000oC with 1:2 weight ratio; the highest formation of magnetite is happened in reduction temperature of 800oC with 1:4 weight ratio.
Data resulting from step 2 shows that wustite highest formation is happened in reduction temperature of 1000oC with 30 minutes process duration and magnetite highest formation is in reduction temperature of 700oC with 30 minutes process duration.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Pawel Stefaniak, Radosław Zimroz, Monika Hardygóra, Walter Bartelmus
It requires the integration of data from different sources, adaptation of advanced data mining techniques, procedures or various diagnostic methods.
In general, the system consists of several modules like: data acquisition, data preprocessing/analysis, decision making, data management, data fusion (Relational Database Management System existing in the company), data visualization and modeling for degradation processes - analysis and prognosis, Fig.1.
In the first step, collected data should be validated.
Advanced data management functions integrated in GIS-class system let to perform on line a complex models of processing data very quickly.
Fig. 3 Structure of the unified spatio-temporal and multivariate data cube .
In general, the system consists of several modules like: data acquisition, data preprocessing/analysis, decision making, data management, data fusion (Relational Database Management System existing in the company), data visualization and modeling for degradation processes - analysis and prognosis, Fig.1.
In the first step, collected data should be validated.
Advanced data management functions integrated in GIS-class system let to perform on line a complex models of processing data very quickly.
Fig. 3 Structure of the unified spatio-temporal and multivariate data cube .
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Ning Zuo, De Wei Mu
In order to explore methods of improving phosphorous and nitrogen removal in sludge reduction technologies, an advanced process combining sludge reduction and phosphorous and nitrogen removal was developed, for short, HA-A/A-MCO Process (Hydrolysis-Acidogenosis -Anaerobic/Anoxic-Multistep Continuous Oxic tank).
Introduction An advanced process combining excess sludge reduction and phosphorous and nitrogen removal is developed,for short, HA-A/A-MCO process (Hydrolysis-Acidification-Anaerobic/ Anoxic-Multistep Continuous Oxic tank), which is helpful for improving phosphorous and nitrogen removal in sludge reduction technologies[1-3].
HA-A/A-MCO process has better performance of simultaneous sludge reduction and phosphorous and nitrogen removal.
HA-A/A-MCO is an advanced sludge reduction process which is developed by our research group, whose flow path is shown in Fig.1. 1.
Raw water Raw water hydrolysis Raw water +2% naerobic phosphorus release sludge hydrolysis 21% 39% 16% 24% 25% 40% 25% 10% 14% 21% 41% 24% Fig. 3 Changes of COD components from Fig. 4 Variation of VFA of each tank effluent of hydrolysis-acidification tank The data in figure shows that in test raw water soluble COD of total COD ( mean 361.5mg/L ) is 40% ( 144.6mg/L ), where VFA accounts for 16% of the total COD, about 58mg/L; Settleable COD and ( ultra ) colloidal COD accounts for 60% of the total COD ( 217mg/L ).
Introduction An advanced process combining excess sludge reduction and phosphorous and nitrogen removal is developed,for short, HA-A/A-MCO process (Hydrolysis-Acidification-Anaerobic/ Anoxic-Multistep Continuous Oxic tank), which is helpful for improving phosphorous and nitrogen removal in sludge reduction technologies[1-3].
HA-A/A-MCO process has better performance of simultaneous sludge reduction and phosphorous and nitrogen removal.
HA-A/A-MCO is an advanced sludge reduction process which is developed by our research group, whose flow path is shown in Fig.1. 1.
Raw water Raw water hydrolysis Raw water +2% naerobic phosphorus release sludge hydrolysis 21% 39% 16% 24% 25% 40% 25% 10% 14% 21% 41% 24% Fig. 3 Changes of COD components from Fig. 4 Variation of VFA of each tank effluent of hydrolysis-acidification tank The data in figure shows that in test raw water soluble COD of total COD ( mean 361.5mg/L ) is 40% ( 144.6mg/L ), where VFA accounts for 16% of the total COD, about 58mg/L; Settleable COD and ( ultra ) colloidal COD accounts for 60% of the total COD ( 217mg/L ).
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Zhong Hua Yang, Geng Hua Chen, Qiao Hu, Sen Xiang Zhang, Xin Xing Deng, Fang Yu, Ya Li Hou
There are a few reports regarding microalgal photo-biocatalytic asymmetric reduction reactions.
The data are not given, because we have discussed before [8].
Fig. 2 Photo-biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of EAA by various microalgae.
Fig. 3 Photo-biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of ACP by various microalgae.
Fig. 4 Effect of culture time on the asymmetric reduction of EAA by microalgal photo-biocatalysis.
The data are not given, because we have discussed before [8].
Fig. 2 Photo-biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of EAA by various microalgae.
Fig. 3 Photo-biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of ACP by various microalgae.
Fig. 4 Effect of culture time on the asymmetric reduction of EAA by microalgal photo-biocatalysis.
Online since: February 2008
Authors: Andrey N. Dmitriev, D.Z. Kudinov, Leopold Leontiev
The comparative analysis of computation and experimental data has shown that the offered model can
be used in the qualitative analysis of processes of interaction of multicomponent oxide melts with gasesreducers
of various composition.
The comparative analysis computation and experimental data has shown that the offered mathematical model can be used for the qualitative analysis of processes of interaction of multicomponent oxide melts with gases-reducers of various compounds.
Discussion of results The initial data for calculations were the following: temperature changed from 1473 up to 1923 K with step 50 K; pressure - 1 atmosphere; a portion of hydrogen - 0.1 mole; melt: B2O3 -25.98 mole, CaO - 10.83 mole, NiO - 1 mole.
It is necessary to take into account the comparative analysis of the experimental data received under various conditions of experience.
Liquid and gas interaction during reduction in bubbled layer.
The comparative analysis computation and experimental data has shown that the offered mathematical model can be used for the qualitative analysis of processes of interaction of multicomponent oxide melts with gases-reducers of various compounds.
Discussion of results The initial data for calculations were the following: temperature changed from 1473 up to 1923 K with step 50 K; pressure - 1 atmosphere; a portion of hydrogen - 0.1 mole; melt: B2O3 -25.98 mole, CaO - 10.83 mole, NiO - 1 mole.
It is necessary to take into account the comparative analysis of the experimental data received under various conditions of experience.
Liquid and gas interaction during reduction in bubbled layer.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Hu Hui Fen
Reflection upon Energy Saving and Emission Reduction in Colleges
in the Context of Low-carbon City Construction
HuHuiFen
Zhejiang Shuren University, Capital construction department of logistics, Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310015
Keywords: low-carbon city colleges and universities energy saving and emission reduction current situation measures.
The resolutions for energy saving and emission reduction in colleges and universities Ever since the beginning of the year 2008, Zhejiang Shuren University has began the project of water balance test in order to promote energy saving and emission reduction in an all round way.
It turns out to be quite effective in eliminating purposeful waste phenomena and promoting rational use of water and electricity. 3.1 Strengthen publicity for the improvement of energy saving and emission reduction awareness in both teachers and students Energy saving and emission reduction require involvement of all the students and teaching staff.
All these will help create an enthusiastic atmosphere of energy saving and emission reduction to attract the involvement of teachers and students so that they can have a deeper understanding. 3.2 Improve and apply technologies for energy saving and emission reduction The accomplishment of effective energy saving and emission reduction requires much investment in improving related technologies.
What’s more important is to better management in water and electricity use and promote the supervision, data collection, verification and announcement of energy consumption, bringing into realization double management of both the current energy saving and the outcomes. 3.4 Invest more capitals into the project of energy saving and emission reduction Firstly, try to win national financial support by learning about various policies about energy saving and emission reduction, using these policies for good and making detailed plans to be delivered to the authority.
The resolutions for energy saving and emission reduction in colleges and universities Ever since the beginning of the year 2008, Zhejiang Shuren University has began the project of water balance test in order to promote energy saving and emission reduction in an all round way.
It turns out to be quite effective in eliminating purposeful waste phenomena and promoting rational use of water and electricity. 3.1 Strengthen publicity for the improvement of energy saving and emission reduction awareness in both teachers and students Energy saving and emission reduction require involvement of all the students and teaching staff.
All these will help create an enthusiastic atmosphere of energy saving and emission reduction to attract the involvement of teachers and students so that they can have a deeper understanding. 3.2 Improve and apply technologies for energy saving and emission reduction The accomplishment of effective energy saving and emission reduction requires much investment in improving related technologies.
What’s more important is to better management in water and electricity use and promote the supervision, data collection, verification and announcement of energy consumption, bringing into realization double management of both the current energy saving and the outcomes. 3.4 Invest more capitals into the project of energy saving and emission reduction Firstly, try to win national financial support by learning about various policies about energy saving and emission reduction, using these policies for good and making detailed plans to be delivered to the authority.