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This was the way that used for considering of the failure resistance of materials [4].
The hardness property of materials was defined as the retardation of permanent plastic deformation.
Although this hysteresis phenomena are still complicating for materials characterization.
Patipol Chaithep, Program in Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, for discussion of Vickers hardness testing.
Yu, Atomistic study on the super-elasticity of single crystal bulk NiTi shape memory alloy under adiabatic condition, Computational Materials Science 142 (2018) 38-46

During their high specific strength (strength-weight ratio) composite materials have been tried out for possible replacement.
Many researchers were devoted on various composite materials in the automobile application.
Among the composite materials, G-CFRP exhibits possible response.
[4] G.Siva Shankar, S.Vijayarangan, Mono composite leaf spring light weight vehicle –Design, end joint analysis and testing, International journal of material science, (2006) Vol 12
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol 2, Issue5, (2013).

Materials Design, 24(2003) 617–622
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 452(2007) 347–358
Materials Review, 14(2000) 23–24
Materials Characterization, 62(2011) 517
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 195(2008) 88.

Summary A new 3D formulation for the analysis of intergranular degradation and failure in polycrystalline materials has been developed.
Computational Materials Science, 67, 249-260, 2013 [7] V Gulizzi, A Milazzo, I Benedetti, An enhanced grain-boundary framework for computational homogenization and micro-cracking simulations of polycrystalline materials.
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 52(10), 2403-2430, 2004 [10] GK Sfantos, MH Aliabadi, A boundary cohesive grain element formulation for modelling intergranular microfracture in polycrystalline brittle materials.
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 265, 36-62, 2013 [13] I Benedetti, MH Aliabadi, Multiscale modeling of polycrystalline materials: A boundary element approach to material degradation and fracture.
International Journal of Plasticity, 83, 202-224, 2016 [15] I Benedetti, F Barbe, Modelling Polycrystalline Materials: An Overview of Three-Dimensional Grain-Scale Mechanical Models.

Medic flowers are traditionally used for food and medicinal materials.
Materials and Methods Materials Plant material, standards, and reagents A. manihot was collected during the 2011 flower season in Jingxing County, Hebei Province.
Wang : Journal of Chromatographic Science Vol. 47 (2009), p. 206-210
Wang: Food Science Vol. 19 (2011), p. 209-213.
Song: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol.140 (2012), p.355-359

As the reaction effect unique to microwave radiation, such as rapid heating mode and effect of significantly improve in the system response speed and so on, that it has been rapidly applied in material science, and for some reaction can make the reaction rate than the conventional method is increased by two to three orders of magnitude.
Microstructure and phase structure of materials can be effectively controlled by modified doping[6-7].
Using cupric nitrate and thioacetamide (TAA) as raw materials, twelve sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant, synthesis of nanometer copper sulfide precursor by microwave radiation,stripping precursor for 14 days by n-BuLi to produce the tungsten doped nanometer copper sulfide with the method of microwave hydrothermal synthesis.
Acknowledgments: This work is supported by Functional Materials Research Team of Huanggang Normal University.
Journal of Crystal Growth, 263(2004) 570-574 [4] X H Liao, N Y Chen, S Xu, et al.

Products of steel slag can be recycled as raw materials, thus saving natural resources [4].
The materials combine and react to form liquid hot metal, gasses, and blast furnace (iron making) slag.
Experimental Design Materials.
Barry: Construction and Building Materials Vol.17 (2003), p.105-112
Jayson: International Journal of Mineral Processing Vol.65, (2002), p.165-175

Czernuszka: Materials Science and Technology Vol. 23 (2007), pp. 379-391 [29] G.
Hench: Journal of Materials Science Vol. 17 (2006), pp. 967–978 [32] J.R.
Boccaccini: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine Vol. 13 (2002), pp. 843-8 [37] H.
Koepsell, et al.: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Vol. 99A (2011), pp. 564-575 [48] J.A.
Hench: Advanced Engineering Materials Vol. 4 (2002), pp. 105-109 [50] S.

The volume fractions of constitutive materials of the panels are gradually varied from ceramic to metal in the thickness direction based on a simple power law distribution.
Thus the skin parts may experience extreme structural problems such as thermal post-buckling, flutter, delamination and fatigue failure by using conventional composite materials.
Therefore, Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) have been developed to overcome these problems.
FGMs are generally composed of ceramics and metals, and the volume fractions of the materials continuously change from one to the other.
Gray Jr. and Chuh Mei, "Large amplitude finite element flutter analysis of composite panels in hypersonic flow" AIAA Journal, Vol. 31, No.6, (1993), p. 1090-1099 [2] Ashley, H., and Zartarian, G., "Piston Theory - A New Aerodynamic Tool for the Aeroelastician" Journal of the Aeronautical Science, Vol. 23, Dec. (1956), p. 1109-1118 [3] R.

The results show that, the as-cast 35CrMnSiMo by 880 °C, quenching for 20min then, the same quenching temperature, quenching hardness of materials is far greater than the oil quenching hardness.
Experimental and Materials Composition design of wear resistant cast steel.
Acknowledgement It is a project supported by the Heilongjiang Natural Science Foundation (E2010-40); the Department of Education Science and technology Project of Heilongjiang (11553111) of China.
[2] Yushun Dong : Journal of Heat Treatment of Metals Vol.14(1989), p.18-21, in Chinese
[3] Guozheng Yang: Journal of Heat Treatment of Metals, Vol.36 (2011), p.58-60, in Chinese