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Preparation And Properties Of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) / Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) Hydrogel Shudi Zhang 1,2,a, Yuchun Zhai 2,b, Zhenfang Zhang 3,c 1 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110159 ,China 2 School of materials & Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China 3 Michigan urgent-care centre of USA, Michigan, 48901, USA azhangshudi@163.com, bzhyc@smm.neu.edu.cn, czhangzf1@yahoo.com Keywords: PVA, PVP, Hydrogel, Swelling, Mechanical Property, Abstract.
With the depth of the forming mechanism of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel and the application prospects of the biomedical domain-specific, therefore, it has be more and more attention of national science and technology researchers[7,8].
And School of Materials & Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China, the first author would like to thank Pro.
[11] Wei Zhang, Huiqin Li, Huimin Meng, in: Beijing Science and Technology University Journal Vol.8(2002), (Chinese) [12] Nuo Wang, Xue Shen, Wu Jia, Kui Li.
Journal of Controlled Release Vol.16(1998), p.127, (Chinese) [13] Xiuhe Zhang, Preparation and Properties of PVA composite hydrogel to Antibacterial Artificial Skin(2007), (Chinese) [14] Tiejun Shi, Qing Lu, Functional Polymers Vol.14(2001), (Chinese)

Materials Science Forum, 2006, v 510-511: 606-609
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2008, v 134(5): 666-674
Water Science and Technology, 2005, v 52(5): 159-167
Journal of Catastrophology, 2006, v 21(3): 89-92
Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013, v 397-400: 1665-1668.

Five test samples, which are made by same raw materials and process, are required at least.
References [1] Science Application and Technology Conference and Exhibition (2005)
Cuevas, Constant voltage I–V curve flash tester for solar cells, Solar Energy Materials, and Solar Cells 81 (2004) 183-196
Long, New Set-up Procedures and Integrated Measurement System for Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Module, International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, PVSEC23 (2013)
Recart, Capacitive effects in quasi-steady-state voltage and lifetime measurements of silicon devices, Journal of Applied Physics, 98 (2005) 1-7

As the main reinforcement fiber in advanced composite materials, carbon-fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP) has long been widely used in structural materials, ablative materials and brake materials in such industries as aerospace, racing and high-end sports equipment, and is now applied to more new manufacturings.
Due to its high strength and modulus, small elongation at break, anti-creep and good fatigue durability, carbon fiber is often used as reinforcing material combined with other materials to make composite bullet proof material.
Researchers from Materials Science and Metallurgy Department of Cambridge University have developed a new type of carbon fiber, which is stronger and more solid than the current fiber for making bullet proof vest.
The new carbon fibers applied in personal protective equipment create soft, flexible, and breathable materials that can with-stand external heat and flames as well as many industrial chemicals and solvents.
Journal of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering (Social Sciences Edition), Vol.24 (2009), p. 202-206 [2] Q.

It will increase to 47% if the energy wasted in building materials production process (Accounting for 17% of total energy consumption society), which means construction-related energy will account for 47% of the total social energy consumption.
The high-performance VIP vacuum insulation panels were installed inside the wall of Bamboo House, and phase change materials were applied on the interior wall to maintain the indoor temperature, creating a comfortable temperature feeling.
The highest level of vacuum insulation and hollow triple glazing were adopted in design of windows, while the underground ventilation tubes were coated with phase change materials.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National “Twelfth Five-Year” Science & Technonlgy Support Plan: the city high density space efficiency optimization key technology research (Subject Numbers: 2012BAJ15B03), and by national science foundation of China 51178313/E0801.
Journal of Architecture，2011(8)

Introduction Zinc oxide (ZnO) based materials have attracted researchers’attention because of their unique physical and chemical properties which include excellent luminescence, high chemical stability, eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness.
As a result, the materials have been employed in several fields and a range of applications for example in sensors, solar cells, optoelectronics, andcatalysis[1-3].
Jesionowski, Materials, 7 (2014) 2833-2881
Wang, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 26 (2014) 225-230
Mohallem, Brazilian Journal of Physics, 39 (2009) 248-251

In contrast to the vertical position of the object, there are no long-lived combustion waves in the horizontal case, which completely burns down the solid combustible material.
In this case combustion wave burns a small amount of solid combustible material near the vicinity of object boundary, burns all oxygen and becomes extinct.
If in the vertical porous objects ignition zone is located at the top, then a stable countercurrent combustion wave occurs which moves through the porous object, burns solid combustible material incompletely, is reflected from the object border, moves up and burns down the remaining solid combustible material [4].
Acknowledgment The work was supported financially by the Ministry of education and science of Russian Federation (project 14.A18.21.0383), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants No. 11-01-98510-r_vostok_a, No. 12-01-31064-mol_a), the Far Eastern Federal University, the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Lutsenko, Gas flow through a porous heat-releasing medium with allowance for the temperature dependence of gas viscosity, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 79 (1) (2006) 33-39

It may also be generated by the grain boundaries in the materials and is randomly distributed in time.
Wavelet analysis has become a well established signal processing technique for removing noise from the ultrasonic signal to enhance the SNR in ultrasonic non-destructive testing and evaluation of strong sound scattering materials [7].
Acknowledgment The project is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (2008CDB300), the Science-Technology Foundation for Excellent Middle-aged and Young Scientist of Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China (Q20091504), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
Krautkramer, Ultrasonic testing of materials. 4th edition Springer-Verlag (1990), p.160-220
Journal of Sound and Vibration 301( 3-5) Apr 3(007) P. 458-480

Materials and methods In this study, 56 topsoil (0-20cm) and 16 deep soil (60-80cm) samples were collected from Wenchang, Wanning City and Qionghai City Hainan province, China，which are the largest pineapple-growing areas (Fig.1).
The soil parent material types and sampling conditions are shown in Table 1.
Samples of soil with certified concentration of metals (GBW 07402 and GBW 07403, China National Center for Standard Materials) were used for quality assurance.
Tomar, Effects of heavy metal pollution of highway origin on soil nematode guilds in North Shenyang, Journal of Environmental Sciences.21(2009)193–198
Taylor, Accumulation of cadmium derived from fertilizers in New Zealandsoils, Science of the Total Environment. 208(1997)123–126

However, with recent discoveries of extensive premature corrosion in new bridges, there are concerns regarding the long-term performance of such systems. [5] A completely different approach to control the corrosion process would be to use materials that are highly corrosion resistant, such as reinforcing bars constructed of composites materials.
The bond mechanisms of GFRP bars to concrete is significantly different from that of steel due to the differences in materials properties (both the fibers and resin) and geometry. [3] GFRP materials are anisotropic and are characterized by high tensile strength only in the direction of the reinforcing fibers.
Furthermore, GFRP materials do not yield; rather, they are elastic until failure.
For purposes of design, some researchers recommended that materials should have a Tg at least 30 °C above the maximum expected temperature. [18] Below zero temperatures can cause changes in mechanical properties and create additional micro cracks in GFRP materials.
Mechanics of Composite Materials, Vol. 50, No. 4, 2014