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The atomic numbers of the Ga and Zn differ only by one.
First the grain was irregular pie with the grain size increasing, then it became spherical growth, evenly distributed, neat, compact and smooth [2-4], and the film quality was much better.
Annealing made the grains recrystallize within the film, the unit cell becomes larger and the grain grew columnar along the direction of the vertical substrate further.
Grain got the biggest size at 1.5 hours of annealing time.
Besides, lots of adsorption of oxygen was near grain boundary, Which led that GZO films had a lower crystallinity and more grain boundaries, both the scattering centers of carrier and the defect increased.

Similarly, in the case of IF steel, a uniformly distributed ultrafine grained structure with an average grain size of ~320 nm was achieved (Fig. 3b) after 18 cycles of MAF, essentially as a consequence of strain-induced ferritic transformation, followed by recovery and continuous recrystallization of heavily deformed grains.
The stress amplitude (S) vs. number of cycles to failure (N) curves plotted for the MAFed specimens are shown in Figs. 4b.
They reported that the GBS could be related to the dislocation movement or pile-up of dislocations along the grain boundary.
The slip on the primary glide plane leads to a build-up of stress at its intersection with the grain boundary, while a secondary grain sliding occurs in the absence of relaxation of this stress concentration.
[7] Vinogradov A, Fatigue limit and crack growth in ultra-fine grain metals produced by severe plastic deformation, J Mater.

Microstructure and hot workability have been considered for a number of γ-TiAl alloys including β-solidifying TNM alloys.
To evaluate the hot workability of TNM alloys a number of compression tests was carried out for TNM and other γ alloys at T=1000°C, ε'=5×10-4 s-1 to an engineering strain ε=70%.
The mean colony/grain size d was evaluated taking into account the volume fractions of the colonies/grains.
On the whole, the colony/grain size was smaller in the TNM alloys.
Hot workability criterion built for a number of γ-TiAl alloys.

This number shows the grain size number in ASTM, but the effect of grain size decreases with the increase of Cr content and the effect of grain size was not recognized at all when the Cr content was around 25%.
Therefore, it is understood that a homogeneous Cr2O3 film was produced at the interface of the oxide scale and metal in the case of steels with a grain size number over 8.
Grain size number 8 is about 15μm.
In both corrosion environments, it is also found that TP347 stainless steel with a grain size number over 8 showed better corrosion resistance than TP321 and other 18Cr-10Ni austenitic stainless steels like those steels with larger grain size.
In the super-heater tubes of actual oil-fired boilers, a TP347 stainless tube with a grain size number over 8 and a TP 321 stainless steel tube with a grain size number of 5 were used for corrosion tests, as shown in Fig. 33 [22].

Thus, the occurrence of larger number of micro metal pool during the process could not be eliminated.
The micro-crystal grains are different from the normal crystal grains.
The micro-crystal grains are distributed in the amorphous base.
(a) content of amorphous phase; (b) grain size; (c) microstrain.
A large number of defects and residual strain were produced inside the particles and this, in turn, impeded motion of domain wall, causing the increase in coercitive force.

After refinement, the eutectic carbides distributed both along the grain boundaries and inside the grains.
Three specimens numbered 1#, 2# and 3# were cut out from the same position of the rolls. 1 # specimen had the lowest SR and 3# specimen had the rapidest SR.
They mainly locate along the grain boundary networks.
In contrast, most eutectic carbides in 3# specimen distribute homogeneously both inside the grains and along the grain boundaries.
Hence, the eutectic carbides nuclei appear not only at the grain boundaries but also in the grain interiors.

A number of mechanical tests were conducted to determine the hardness, tensile strength, and bending strength of the joints.
The result was used to measure the average grain size.
In addition, in this region, small grain clusters are concentrated around a few large grains, which is different from the uniformity in the center of the weld.
Grain size increases, resulting in coarser grains, while phases like ferrite and pearlite become more uniformly distributed.
Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size.

A large number of dislocations produce mutual interleaving and cutting in the process of movement, and then produce the cutting-orders.
With the frequency increasing, fine grains and high-density dislocation form in the strained layer.
After impacting, the grain shape of the original grain gradually changes.
As the change patterns and the amount of deformation are different, the changes of the grain shape are different.
In the ultrasonic impact process, the grain is gradually elongated along the direction of deformation, the greater the amount of deformation of the crystal grains, the greater the elongation of the grain.

The samples were surface grounded by using abrasive papers of varying coarseness, ranging from number 200 (coarse grained) to number 1500 (fine grain).
The number of particles is estimated to be higher in this 58Fe25Ni17Cr.
The alloy matrix contains austenitic grains.
ODS FeNiCr+Y2O3 is composed of austenitic grains with high concentration of Cr particles.
Additionally, it incorporates sub-micro size Y2O3 particles up to 2.0 wt. % clearly visible on the surface of the ODS 58Fe25Ni17Cr cast alloys, evenly distributed within the grains or grain boundaries.

Under heating conditions, the crystals collide with each other to overcome the surface tension of each grain, forming BNT crystals with the release of lattice energy.
The higher concentration of the NaOH system contains higher Na2O content, resulting in the reduction of the effective concentration of Bi2O3 and TiO2 as well as the reduction of collision numbers of the precursor oxides.
There is no free water, so there exist a large number of non-hydrated or incomplete- hydrated Na+.
Under external heating, small BNT grains are formed by in situ transformation mechanism.
They tend to clump together to form large, spherical grains as small particles possess high surface free energy and it is easy to form large particles of low surface free energy.