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Fig.1 Force diagram of prestressing tendon in curving duct The derivation process about the formula of frictional loss for prestressing tendons in current bridge codes has two obvious problems below: 1.Assuming that the concrete material is rigid, namely, ignoring the physical properties of materials; 2.Assuming that the contact stress p is only depends on the tension T and the radius of curvature R.
Journal of China & Foreign Highway, 2005,(01):56-58.
Causes and Precautionary Measures to Long-term Deflection of Long Span Pre-stressed Concrete Box Girder of Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science,2007(08).
Beijing：Science Press, 2009, pp 701-705 [8] Kaiyin Zhang, Chen Li, Chen Cheng.
Civil Engineering and Management Journal (ISSN2095-0895/CN42-1816/TU),2011.28(4):6-11(in Chinese)

Materials and methods A.
Journal of Biotechnology, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, 115(2) pp. 113–128, (2005)
Journal of Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, vol. 151, p. 389-409, (1981)
Journal of Genetics and Genomics, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, vol. 34, p.275-284, (2007)
J Cell Science, Vol. 115, p. 2517-2527, (2002).

Using soft marine clay and muck as the material source, it can not only dredge the channel by clearing the muck but also protect the environment.
Meanwhile, it can significantly reduce the cost in transporting the fill material and lower time required in reclamating initial land [1-2].
Research Situation Dredger fill formed by hydraulic emplacement is the provenance material for reclaiming land in most coastal areas.
[2] Pang Hou-guo, Liu Pin-hui, and Xiao Shu-fang, “Analysis on mechanism of drain and consolidation of marine soft soil,” Journal of Jilin University: Earth Science Edition, 2005, pp. 207-212, 217 (In Chinese)
[8] Song Jing, Wang Qing, and Xia Yu-bin, “Research on physical and chemical index of dredger fill with high clay by vacuum preloading”, Journal of Jilin University: Earth Science Edition, 2011 (In Chinese)

Comparatively speaking, titanium alloy shows attractively properties as turbine blade materials for its low density and high specific strength [6-9].
Thus the comparison between these two materials and their reinforcing coating performances are meaningful.
Yu, Metallurgical analysis on a bending failed pump-shaft made of 17-7PH precipitation-hardening stainless steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 198(2008) 254-259
Huang, Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser forming repaired 17-4PH stainless steel, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 553(2012) 80-88
Shan, Application of thermohydrogen processing to Ti6Al4V alloy blade isothermal forging, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 561(2013), p.17 [9] L.M.

The inefficient material in ESO usually refers to the material whose efficiency is lower than a certain proportion of the maximum efficiency of all the material in the structure.
In other words, It also refers to the material that meets Eq.(1).
If no material meets Eq.(1), optimization must increase the rejection rate according to Eq.(2), until the inefficient material can be found under the new standard.
Journal of Structural Engineering, 2005, 131(3):,p.369～379 [5] A.
Dhingra: Optimization of truss topology using tabu search, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1995, 38(23), p. 4035～4052 [11] Y.M.

SiC nanoparticles as raw materials for matrix sintering determine the final sintering quality of fuel pellets for ATF directly.
Also, the potetial use of SiC nanoparticles as matrix materials in ATF-FCM fabrication process is still a challenge in the future.
A.Terrani, Silicon carbide composite for light water reactor fuel assembly applications, Journal of Nuclear Materials. 448(2014)380-388
Leibowitz, Scoping assessments of ATF impact on late-stage accident progression including molten core-concrete interaction, Journal of Nuclear Materials. 448(2014) 534-540
Yue, Si/SiC-Based Layer Deposited on Boron Carbide Particles via CVD, Key Engineering Materials. 602-603(2014)270-273

Introduction Polymer has been widely used for modification in cement based materials because they can modify the characteristics and properties of fresh and hardened mortars [1].
Soo Ko, Comparison of mechanical and physical properties of SBR-polymer modified mortars using recycled waste materials, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 14 (2008) 644-650
Pilvin, Mechanical behaviour of polymer modified mortars, Materials Science and Engineering. 380 (2004) 1-8
Ibrahim, Mechanical properties and durability characteristics of polymer and cement-based repair materials, Cement and Concrete Composites. 25 (2003) 527-537
[8] Shiyun Zhong, Jinmei Li, Congcong Zhang, Influence of water reducing agent and mixing sequence on properties of styrene-acrylic latex modified mortars, Journal of Building Materials. 13 (2010) 568-575

In the connection between fiber reinforced composite materials and metal materials, the worst area under load is generally in the composite material-metal connection [2].
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 190: 107087
International Journal of Fatigue 120: 141-149
Construction and Building Materials 98: 489-501
Construction and Building Materials 241: 118057

Porosity Measurement Method by X-ray Computed Tomography Josef Prokop a, Libor Švédab, Alexandr Jančárek c and Ladislav Pína d Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, 115 19 Prague - CZ a josef.prokop@fjfi.cvut.cz, bsveda@troja.fjfi.cvut.cz, cjancarek@troja.fjfi.cvut.cz, d pina@troja.fjfi.cvut.cz Keywords: Porosity, Image Processing, X-ray computed tomography Abstract.
The term is used in multiple fields including ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, earth sciences and construction.
Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in material, and is measured as a fraction, between 0 - 1, or as a percentage between 0 - 100 %.
Hernandez-Escobedo: Porosity estimation method by X-ray computed tomography, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 2005

The primitive heat treated condition of GH4169 material is the direct aging treatment of metal after hot rolling, its organization is the austenite, and it distributes many second and the twin crystals in pellet, as shown in Fig.1.
From Fig.2 we can see that the de-noised signal eliminates material and background noise better, and has reappeared the material flaw characteristic well.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China(51105344), and partly supported by Foundation of He’nan Province Key S&T Program(112102210360 ) and Henan Province Department of Education Science and technology plan (12B460027).
Li: Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis, Vol. 24 (2004) No. 1, pp. 121-122