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Materials Tables 1 display the mechanical properties of the studied materials.
Tables 1 Mechanical properties of the steels from which the tubes were made Material (mm) (MPa) (MPa) Density （kg·） E (GPa) K (MPa) n GB-20 2 252 410 7800 210 715 0.22 0.3 Tube materials are manufactured in different manners.
In order to get good quality materials , tube’s surface and internal metal had been cut.
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The essence of this technology is that a fine-dispersed powder or a mixture of powder materials are subjected to laser heat treatment, as the result materials with complex structure are synthesized.
This technology enables to produce either a part prototype or a part with set functional properties from nearly all materials and of different geometrical complexity.
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Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Zhejiang Province Fund of Application Technology Research for Public (2013C31132, 2014C31117) and Natural Science Foundation of China (51175486).
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The novelty of this work lies in its integrated approach that combines material science innovation with practical engineering considerations.
Highlighting the significance of structural modification in improving biopolymer materials' adsorption capacity.
Kyzas, Chitosan-based materials for heavy metal adsorption: Recent advancements, challenges and limitations, J Mol Struct 1309 (2024)
Zuo, Comparison of Adsorption Capacity and Removal Efficiency of Strontium by Six Typical Adsorption Materials, Sustainability (Switzerland) 14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137723
Zuo, Comparison of Adsorption Capacity and Removal Efficiency of Strontium by Six Typical Adsorption Materials, Sustainability (Switzerland) 14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137723

Now-a-days powder materials like titan, bronze, aluminum, etc. are used as raw materials in various sectors.
There are many application fields of thermal spraying technology, corrosive protection, thermal isolation or electrical contact on isolating materials.
The above-mentioned substrate concepts dominate in various applications in different power classes (milliwatt to gigawatt range), the costs are relatively high due to usage of high temperature bonding conditions, expensive interlayer solder materials and intensive usage of cleaning and etching materials.
After bonding of copper foils, the circuits are accordingly etched out by using photoresist materials and etch chemicals.
Franke, “Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Efficiency within the Production Process“, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:9, No:7, 2015.

The thermo physical properties of both fluids and materials of construction remain constant.
It must be recognized that NTU encompasses geometry, thermal and fluid characteristics, material properties, etc.
Air-side performance of serrated welded spiral fin-and-tube heat exchangers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 89, Article number 11990, pp 724-732
Investigation on thermal analysis of conical coil heat exchanger, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 90, pp 1188-1196
“Step Response of a Single-Pass Crossflow Heat Exchanger with Variable Inlet Temperatures and Mass Flow Rates,” Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 4, 044501

This product is composed of metal and plastic materials.
Although the insert molding process can greatly improve the assembly and manufacturing procedure, the joining of two different materials is the key problem yet to be solved.
Driven by the demands on the functionality and appearance design, the optimal option of the designers is assembly and molding of parts of different materials.
The strength of diving regulator is more important between metal and plastic materials among these metal-plastic products.
The regulator is made of PC/ABS material, the mold is made of S45C material, and the male, female cores and slider made of ASSAB 718 materials.

In this study, the material of the tubesheet is 16Mn (low alloy steel) and the materials of the tubes is No. 10 or 20 steel ((low carbon steel).
These materials are most commonly used to construct heat exchanger.
In this paper, double linear model was used to represent the stress-strain relations of the joint materials.
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 2003,80:879-885
Journal of taiyuan heavey machinery institute, 1997, 18(3): 232-237

Materials: Pure aluminum (impurity content of less than 0.1 wt %), high-precision silicon (purity greater than 99.9%) and mixed rare earth (purity of 98.7%, of which: Ce48.7%, La22.0%).
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Pan, et al: Ordnance Material Science and Engineering, Vol. 32(2009), p.21
Ding: Journal of Plasticity Engineering, Vol. 9(2002), p.1

Road construction Active related - ash-and-slag materials (ASM) with total content of calcium oxide in limits of 20-60%, free calcium oxide- up to 30%.
Exploitation values of road covers from unfortified ash-and-slag compounds is identical to constructions from conditional materials.
The most acceptable materials for soil reinforcement are ashes from combustion of brown coal or peat.
Lahtinen, Fly ash mixtures as flexible structural materials for low-volume roads: Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology.
Korjakins, Crack propagation in concrete with silica particles, Advanced Materials Research, Volume 842, 2014, Pages 470-476 [9] L.