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Non-engineered FGMs include materials that naturally exhibit graded microstructure and properties (for example, bamboo[6]) as well as man-made materials and structures showing graded behavior due to other factors, such as construction practices, aging of materials and temperature dependent material properties.
Hilton [7] and Christensen [8] provided detailed overview on the constitutive relationships for viscoelastic materials.
Paulino: Journal of Applied Mechanics Vol. 69-4 (2002) p. 502-14 [3] Suresh, S., and Mortensen, A., "Functionally Graded Materials," The Institute of Materials, IOM Communications Ltd., London, 1998
Rabin, eds., "Functionally Graded Materials: Design, Processing and Applications," Kluwer Acedemic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999
Kim: Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Vol. 29-1(2007) p. 63-81

Correlation Between Acoustic Emission and Internal Friction in Materials Vinogradov, A.
Background Acoustic emission (AE) is associated with elastic waves production by the sudden internal stress redistribution, or, to be more specific, stress relaxation in the materials.
AE and IF may also be of quite different nature at high strains where strain localization and micro fracture is observed in materials such as alloys and composites.
R. (1969), Journal of Materials Science, Vol.4, pp.170-173.
Kaneko, Y., Ishikawa M. and Hashimoto S. (2005), Materials Sci.

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 183, Issue 1, pp 62-70, 2007 [3] P.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 169, Issue 2, pp 320-327, 2005
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 459, Issues 1-2, pp 7-18, 2007
Montheillet, in MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM.
Simar, et al. in JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY, Volume: 211, Issue: 1, pp: 57-65, 2011.

This enhancement is attributed to the crystallization of the material.
Journal of Materials Science 30 (1995) [4] Duval, C.: Polypropylènes (pp).
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 299 (2014) [14] Thevenon, A., Fulchiron, R.: A thermomechanical modeling approach for the structural changes in semi-crystalline polymers under elongational strain.
Journal of Materials Science 49 (2014) [15] Thibault, F., Malo, A., Lanctot, B., Diraddo, R.: Preform shape and operating condition optimization for the stretch blow molding process.
Polymer Engineering and Science 44 (2004)

Aerogel materials are usually made of silicon, carbon, and metal oxides as raw materials [5-6].
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 646 (2023) 970-979
Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science. 25 (2021) 100936
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 105 (2023) 324-336
Materials. 16 (2023) 6566

One of the significant advantages of functionally graded materials (FGMs) over conventional materials is the elimination of the interface issues related to typical composite materials.
The effect of longitudinal inhomogeneity parameter on the transverse displacement of functionally graded materials beam is plotted in Figure 3.
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 35 (2021): 1099-1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12206-021-0223-y [13] Zenkour, Ashraf M.
International journal of mechanical sciences 51.11-12 (2009): 869-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2009.09.026 [14] Talha, Mohammad, and B.N. 
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (2016): 1253-1264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-016-0229-z [18] Mahi, Amale, and Abdelouahed Tounsi.

Two different photopolymer materials are used for building, one for the actual model and another gel like material for supporting [7].
Table 3 Cost/piece of component of different model materials Model material Orientation Model material consumption/gm Support consumption/gm Total cost in US$.
Verma, Investigations for reducing wall thickness of aluminum shell casting using three dimensional printing, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 31( 2008) , p. 565-569
Singh and J.P Singh, Comparison of rapid casting solutions for lead and brass alloys using three dimensional printing, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Sciences (Proc. of IMechE Part C),Vol. 223( 2009) p. 2117-2123
Singh, Investigations for statistically controlled rapid casting solution of lead alloys using three dimensional printing, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Sciences (Proc. of IMechE Part C),Vol. 223( 2009) p. 2125-2134

The synthesis of materials was based on the solid-state reaction method.
Then, the materials (dried before) were pre-sintered at 830℃ for 4h.
There is an obvious heterogeneous interface between these two materials.
Ogawa, Microwave-millimeterwave dielectric materials, Key Engineering Materials, 269 (2004) 195-198
Sebastian, Effect of lithium magnesium zinc borosilicate glass addition on densification temperature and dielectric properties of Mg2SiO4 ceramics, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 21 (2009) 141-144

Thus, these papers can represent an useful link for passing throughout the full process in terms of changes on the mechanical properties of materials (integrating information available in [19, 20]).
As expected, a large number of standards already exist, dealing with ceramic materials and products.
Özel: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
Rakotomalala, et al.: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 212.5 (1998), p. 331-341
Dondi et al.: Applied Clay Science 20.6 (2002), p. 301-306

The tetra-butyl titanate and ethanol were used as starting materials to prepare nano-titanium.
Introduction TiO2 is a kind of important new inorganic functional materials [1].
Li, et al., Effect of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticle derived from modified hydrothermal process on the photo catalytic degradation performance on methylene blue, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 155 (2008) 590-594
Zhang, et al., Preparation and properties of a magnetically separated photocatalyst, New Chemical Materials. 36 (2008) 25-27
He, Preparation of Fe3+-doped TiO2 catalysts by controlled hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide and study on their photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation, Journal of Hazardous Materials.