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Online since: August 2013
Authors: Ning Lu, Xin Wei Liao, Chang Lin Liao, Huang Wang, Meng Meng Li, Yu Li Lv
The EOR mechanism of CO2 flooding
CO2 EOR mechanism is mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) viscosity reduction, the viscosity of crude oil dropped significantly when CO2 dissolved in it.
Generally, the higher the original viscosity of crude oil, the higher the percentage of viscosity reduction.
The viscosity of crude oil can be reduced to the 1/10-1/100 of original one. (2) improve oil-water mobility ratio, a large amount of CO2 dissolved in the crude oil and water, the viscosity of crude oil reduced and water viscosity increased by 20% after carbonation, so that the mobility ratio of water and oil is improved and the swept volume can be expanded. (3) oil expansion, when CO2 comes into contact with crude oil a process of dissolution occurs thereby causing swelling, it usually can expanded 10%-100% of original volume. (4) solution gas drive, with the reduction of reservoir pressure, the dissolved CO2 gas escapes from the crude oil to generate a driving force and to improve the oil displacement effect [6]. (5) interfacial tension reduction, CO2 evaporation and dissolution effects will generate ultra-low interfacial tension, the ultra-low interfacial tension is an important factor for EOR [7]. (6) CO2-assisted gravity drainage, in addition to the above flooding mechanism, another
PR3 equation of state is applied in PVT regression via PVTi module of Eclipse 2010 to match the experimental data of single flash vaporization test, multi-degas test and constant composition expansion test.
A 2D compositional numerical model is established based on the above geological data, PVT data and relative permeability data.
Generally, the higher the original viscosity of crude oil, the higher the percentage of viscosity reduction.
The viscosity of crude oil can be reduced to the 1/10-1/100 of original one. (2) improve oil-water mobility ratio, a large amount of CO2 dissolved in the crude oil and water, the viscosity of crude oil reduced and water viscosity increased by 20% after carbonation, so that the mobility ratio of water and oil is improved and the swept volume can be expanded. (3) oil expansion, when CO2 comes into contact with crude oil a process of dissolution occurs thereby causing swelling, it usually can expanded 10%-100% of original volume. (4) solution gas drive, with the reduction of reservoir pressure, the dissolved CO2 gas escapes from the crude oil to generate a driving force and to improve the oil displacement effect [6]. (5) interfacial tension reduction, CO2 evaporation and dissolution effects will generate ultra-low interfacial tension, the ultra-low interfacial tension is an important factor for EOR [7]. (6) CO2-assisted gravity drainage, in addition to the above flooding mechanism, another
PR3 equation of state is applied in PVT regression via PVTi module of Eclipse 2010 to match the experimental data of single flash vaporization test, multi-degas test and constant composition expansion test.
A 2D compositional numerical model is established based on the above geological data, PVT data and relative permeability data.
Online since: July 2013
Authors: Fei Lei, Ze Zhang
The removal of the data correlation is the obvious characteristics of wavelet transform which makes it become the mainly theoretical basis of the wavelet threshold shrinkage method.
Table.1 PSNR comparison by application of different denoising threshold functions Performance indicators Hard threshold Soft threshold Improved threshold PSNR(db) 80.2977 85.5973 86.4144 The data in Table 1 shows that the peak signal-to-noise ratio is higher than the application of traditional soft and hard threshold results.
Table.2 MSE comparison by application of different denoising threshold functions Performance indicators Hard threshold Soft threshold Improved threshold MSE 2.6439×10-4 1.7921×10-4 1.4857×10-4 The data in Table 2 shows that the mean squared error is lower than the application of traditional soft and hard threshold results.
Compared to the application of the traditional soft and hard threshold function noise reduction, the application of improved threshold function could get a better peak signal-to-noise ratio, mean square error and noise reduction effect.
[7] D.L.Donoho,Nonlinear Wavelet Methods for Recovery Signals,Densities,and Spectra from Indirect and Noisy Data[J].Proc.of Symp,1993,100:173-205 [8] D.L.Donoho, I.M.Johnstone.
Table.1 PSNR comparison by application of different denoising threshold functions Performance indicators Hard threshold Soft threshold Improved threshold PSNR(db) 80.2977 85.5973 86.4144 The data in Table 1 shows that the peak signal-to-noise ratio is higher than the application of traditional soft and hard threshold results.
Table.2 MSE comparison by application of different denoising threshold functions Performance indicators Hard threshold Soft threshold Improved threshold MSE 2.6439×10-4 1.7921×10-4 1.4857×10-4 The data in Table 2 shows that the mean squared error is lower than the application of traditional soft and hard threshold results.
Compared to the application of the traditional soft and hard threshold function noise reduction, the application of improved threshold function could get a better peak signal-to-noise ratio, mean square error and noise reduction effect.
[7] D.L.Donoho,Nonlinear Wavelet Methods for Recovery Signals,Densities,and Spectra from Indirect and Noisy Data[J].Proc.of Symp,1993,100:173-205 [8] D.L.Donoho, I.M.Johnstone.
Online since: March 2014
Authors: Rui Ping Jia
Abdeen Mustafa Omer (2007) thought that we should be energy conservation and emissions reduction.
After reviewing and collecting relevant data, consulting relevant experts and carrying out other methods, we implement the preliminary screening of these indicators on the basis of the actual situation.
Specific building process, the first is the indicator reduction and filtering.
Rough set theory cannot deal directly with continuous indicator, so before the application of rough set methods of indicator screening, we should first through continuous indicator data discretization processing into discrete indicator data.
After scoring data preprocessing, we can get the evaluation indicator information table (see table 2).
After reviewing and collecting relevant data, consulting relevant experts and carrying out other methods, we implement the preliminary screening of these indicators on the basis of the actual situation.
Specific building process, the first is the indicator reduction and filtering.
Rough set theory cannot deal directly with continuous indicator, so before the application of rough set methods of indicator screening, we should first through continuous indicator data discretization processing into discrete indicator data.
After scoring data preprocessing, we can get the evaluation indicator information table (see table 2).
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Yi Jiung Lin, Hsien Te Lin, Chong Yi Chou
(6) Reduction in carbon dioxide.
After the 96 pieces of data were collected, one optimum combination was and applied on the green roof as planting substrate to evaluate the performance of thermal insulation.
Apart from the surface temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation data were observed as weather conditions at a separate measuring station on the roof.
A GRAPHTEC data logger (GL-450AS) with 20 channels and a GRAPHTEC midi LOGGER (GL200-UM-151) with 10 channels were employed to record the data.
The data of September 13, 2010 are used for the detailed discussion because it has the highest temperature in that month.
After the 96 pieces of data were collected, one optimum combination was and applied on the green roof as planting substrate to evaluate the performance of thermal insulation.
Apart from the surface temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation data were observed as weather conditions at a separate measuring station on the roof.
A GRAPHTEC data logger (GL-450AS) with 20 channels and a GRAPHTEC midi LOGGER (GL200-UM-151) with 10 channels were employed to record the data.
The data of September 13, 2010 are used for the detailed discussion because it has the highest temperature in that month.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Hong Seok Park, Trung Thanh Nguyen
On the contrary, the optimization-based approach requires only experimental or simulated data that can reduce energy use with a lower cost.
The Pareto plot obtained by engineering data mining, in which the data file is collected from the solution of the NSGA2 algorithm.
Collecting manufacturing data - Analysis of whole process chain In the first step, the profound analysis related to whole process chain is conducted.
The objective of this survey, a key starting point for research, is to gain not only an overview of the general on-site of target values but also specifically manufacturing data.
For this purpose, the relevant data was collected in the KOFCO company (industrial project partner).
The Pareto plot obtained by engineering data mining, in which the data file is collected from the solution of the NSGA2 algorithm.
Collecting manufacturing data - Analysis of whole process chain In the first step, the profound analysis related to whole process chain is conducted.
The objective of this survey, a key starting point for research, is to gain not only an overview of the general on-site of target values but also specifically manufacturing data.
For this purpose, the relevant data was collected in the KOFCO company (industrial project partner).
Online since: August 2018
Authors: Sri Ismiyati Damayanti, Simparmin B. Ginting, Amelia Virgiyani Sofyan, Alip Tania Putri, Wiratni Budhijanto
According the data, it is estimated that Indonesia’s palm oil production will increase to 45 million tonnes of total CPO production in 2020.
According to the data, ZAL Mg2+ had SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of 8.8 and ZAL- Fe2+ of 9.957, while physical activated ZAL’s mole ratio was 8.913.
Initial condition data is shown in Table 6.
Initial Condition Data Modified ZAL pH SCOD [mg/L] VFA [mg/L] [%]VS [%]TS Physical Act.
[6] Asriani, Profil Lampung Mencakup Data Penduduk Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekonomi Makro, 2008
According to the data, ZAL Mg2+ had SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of 8.8 and ZAL- Fe2+ of 9.957, while physical activated ZAL’s mole ratio was 8.913.
Initial condition data is shown in Table 6.
Initial Condition Data Modified ZAL pH SCOD [mg/L] VFA [mg/L] [%]VS [%]TS Physical Act.
[6] Asriani, Profil Lampung Mencakup Data Penduduk Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekonomi Makro, 2008
Online since: June 2017
Authors: Xiao Li Xi, Zuo-Ren Nie, Ming Li, Qing Qing Liu
Based on literature data[23], formation of W2C due to the reaction between the produced W and C at the cathode is spontaneous above 973 K in thermodynamic conditions.
A distinct reduction wave appeared at a potential of -0.41 V, which was attributed to the reduction of tungsten ion to metallic tungsten.
This confirmed that the reduction of tungsten ion was a one-step process.
Ag/AgCl), which corresponds to the reduction of tungsten ion.
Che,Manual of inorganic thermodynamic data.Shenyang: Northeastern university Press,Shenyang,1994
A distinct reduction wave appeared at a potential of -0.41 V, which was attributed to the reduction of tungsten ion to metallic tungsten.
This confirmed that the reduction of tungsten ion was a one-step process.
Ag/AgCl), which corresponds to the reduction of tungsten ion.
Che,Manual of inorganic thermodynamic data.Shenyang: Northeastern university Press,Shenyang,1994
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Chang Zheng Li, Yong Lei
In the first stage, 50 groups of the training data without noise.
In the second stage, 50 groups of the training data with noise.
These data are generated with above data and noise.
The difference of two methods is that training data and examining data are normalized in method II, but not in method I.
All failures can be identified if the data without noise.
In the second stage, 50 groups of the training data with noise.
These data are generated with above data and noise.
The difference of two methods is that training data and examining data are normalized in method II, but not in method I.
All failures can be identified if the data without noise.
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Xue Gui Liu, Chang Feng Liu, Hong Shao, En De Wang
In this paper, a peroxide-tertiary amine oxidation-reduction initiator system was used to synthesize a cross-linked polyacrylamide/bentonite composite at room temperature.
Fig.1 FTIR spectra of Na-bentonite, PAM, and the Na-BNT/PAM composite XRD.As seen in Fig.2, XRD test data demonstrates that the d(001) peak of natural Na-bentonite is 1.2455nm.
Conclusions A peroxide-tertiary amine oxidation-reduction initiator system was used to synthesize a cross-linked polyacrylamide/bentonite composite at room temperature.
Fig.1 FTIR spectra of Na-bentonite, PAM, and the Na-BNT/PAM composite XRD.As seen in Fig.2, XRD test data demonstrates that the d(001) peak of natural Na-bentonite is 1.2455nm.
Conclusions A peroxide-tertiary amine oxidation-reduction initiator system was used to synthesize a cross-linked polyacrylamide/bentonite composite at room temperature.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Shan Zhao, Nai Qian Zhang, Dong Li
Optimized interpolation procedures for the PGFs can be applied, resulting in a considerable reduction of matrix-filling time without any significant effect on the accuracy.
We compare the results obtained using our approach with the results obtained using the time-domain finite element method and the measured data.
A linear interpolation method was designed for the fast and accurate interpolation of 3-D PGF, resulting in a considerable reduction of matrix-filling time.
We compare the results obtained using our approach with the results obtained using the time-domain finite element method and the measured data.
A linear interpolation method was designed for the fast and accurate interpolation of 3-D PGF, resulting in a considerable reduction of matrix-filling time.