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Therefore, the cooling rate will be lower in the area of the weld seam than in the base materials.
Depending on the difference between the structure of the weld seam and the base materials of the hot stamped TWB, either a spontaneous full crack or a continuous crack occurs in the area of the weld seam.
W. et al., 2012, Hot Press Forming of Tailor Welded Blank: Experiments and FE Modelling, ISIJ International, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 2059–2068 [2] Lechler, J., Stoehr, T., Kuppert, A., Merklein, M., 2010, Basic investigations on hot stamping of tailor welded blanks regarding the manufacturing of lightweight components with functionally optimized mechanical properties, NAMRC, Vol. 38, pp. 593-600 [3] Merklein, M., Lechler J., 2006, Investigation of the thermo-mechanical properties of hot stamping steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 177, pp. 452–455 [4] Neugebauer, R., Altan, T., Geiger, M., Kleiner, M., Sterzing, A., 2006, Sheet Metal Forming at Elevated Temperatures, Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 55/2, pp. 793-816 [5] Turetta, A., Bruschi S., Ghiotti, A., 2006, Investigation of 22MnB5 formability in hot stamping operations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 177, pp. 396–400 [6] Naderi, M., Saeed-Akbari, A., Bleck, W., 2008, The effects of non-isothermal
deformation on martensitic transformation in 22MnB5 steel, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.
A 487, pp. 445–455 [7] Mori, K., Okuda, Y., 2010, Tailor die quenching in hot stamping for producing ultra-high strength steel formed parts having strength distribution, Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 59, pp. 291–294 [8] Nikravesh, M., Naderi, M., Akbari, G.H., 2012, Influence of hot plastic deformation and cooling rate on martensite and bainite start temperatures in 22MnB5 steel, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.

Methods, Materials and Results In the field of laser hardening, continuous-wave laser sources are the preferred option.
Materials are prepared for final verification which comprise real axles upon laser hardening with press-fit wheels.
Gillespie (ed): Design for manufacturability: New materials, Technologies and Processes, McGraw-Hill New York 2016, ISBN-13:978-1259587450, [2] STEEN W.M., MAZUMDER J.: Laser Material Processing.
Materials Science Forum Vol. 782 (2014) pp. 306-310
Journal of Materials nd Manufacturing, March 2002

For an initially flat homogeneous CB, the amplitude Y(x,t) of the lateral deformation is the solution of the Bernoulli-Euler equation: (1) where E is Young’s modulus, I is the area moment of inertia of the CB cross section, r is the density of the material and S is the cross-sectional area of the cantilever.
(1999) A new study on reliability-based design optimization, Journal of Mechanical Design, ASME, 121(4), (1999), 557-564
Mouazen, Reliability-based design for soil tillage machines Journal of Terramechanics, Volume 48, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 57-64(2011)
El Hami, B.Radi, Comparison Study of Different Reliability-Based Design Optimization Approaches , Advanced Materials Research, ISBN : 978-3-03785-163-0, Volume 274,pp 119-130 (2011)
International Journal of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Volume:199, issues 17-20 March 2010, pages: 1006-1018 (2010).

Treatment of physical field on solidification provides an effective way for grain refinement of alloys in recent years, which can avoid pollution of environment and metal materials[3].
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Project (51261026) and the Aviation Science Funds Project (2012ZF56018).
References [1] L.B.Mordike and T.Ebert: Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 302(2001), p. 37-45 [2] S.Schumann: Materials Science Forum Vol. 488(2005), p.1-8 [3] X.F.Tian, Z.T.Fan and N.Y.Huang: The Chinese Journal Nonferrous Metals.
Vol.33(2013), p.1066-1070(In Chinese) [6] J.Li, Z.T.Zhang and T.Shi: Foundry Vol.58(2009), p.681-689(In Chinese) [7] J.Wang and P.J.Li：International Aluminum Profile Technology Seminar& Exposition Vol.7(2007), p.61-66 [8] M.Yoshiki , O.Yoshinor and M.Kenji: Materials Transactions.
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Materials and Methods Calcium Carbide waste (CCW) was collected from a welder located at the North bank mechanic village at Makurdi.
[5] P.Krammart, and S.Tangtermsirikul, A Study on Cement Made by Partially Replacing Cement Raw Materials with Municipal Solid Waste Ash and Calcium Carbide Waste.
Science Asia 29. (2003) 74-84
Global Journal of Engineering Research 8, (2010) 57-65
Al-Khaja, Potential Use of Carbide Lime Waste as an alternative material to conventional Hydrated Lime of Cement-Lime Mortars, Engineering Journal of Qatar University, 5, (1992) 57-67

It includes that force between molecules possessing dipoles and quadrapoles caused by the polarizations of the atoms and molecules in the material [9].
Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to National Natural Science Foundation of China for their financial support (Grant No. 50535020).
[3] Wang Hongxiang, Gao Shi, Ma Encai, Xu Qiao, Chen Xianhua, and Hou Jing: Material science & Technology, Vol.115 (2007), pp.62-69 [4] Chen M.J., Wang J.H., Liang Y.C., and Yuan D.Y: Key Engineering Materials, Vol.339 (2007), pp.1-5
Beaudion: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol.153 (2006), pp.175-181 [10] R.Khettabi, V.
Songmene, and J.Masounave: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.194 (2007), pp.100-109

Experimental Design and Result Equipments and Materials.
As work piece material, SKD61 with 200 mm x 30 mm x 15 mm size was used.
This recast layer is part of the workpiece material melted by electrical discharge and resolidified on the workpiece surface without being ejected nor removed by dielectric material.
Salem, Influence of machining parameters on the surface integrity in electrical discharge machining, Archives of Material Science and Engineering 37 (2009) 110-116
Science and Technology 4 (2012), 2766-2772

The initial design follows the traditional materials and structures design of plasma cutting guns.
on the surface of non-conductive materials, acting as an additional anode (Fig. 9b).
The other is that there is little loss of electrode and nozzle materials, avoiding a large amount of anode materials to foul the ceramic surface.
Yu: Materials Science Forum, Vol. 626-627(2009): p. 565-570 [2] X.L.
Lu: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 129(2002), p. 152-156 [4] J.Q.

In this paper the results of investigations of the luminescence properties of sol-gel (SG), plasma (PL) raw materials and VC powders prepared by the Solar Physical Vapor Deposition method [2] from the starting raw material were described.
During the SPVD process the glass balloon with raw materials and the water cooled finger were placed at the focus of a solar furnace.
The Al doped raw material was used as a target material in the VC process.
The work is supported by the Latvian National Program Material science Nr.1-23/37.
Vol.80 (2002), p.1924 [7] M.H.Huang, S.Mao, H.Feick, H.Yan, Y.Wu, H.Kind, E.Weber, R.Russo, P.Yang: Science Vol.292 (2001), p.1897 [8] Y.M.Lu, H.W.Liang, D.Z.Shen, Z.Z.Zhang, J.Y.Zhang, D.X.Zhao, Y.C.Liu, X.W.Fan: Journal of Luminescence Vol.119-120 (2006), p.228.

Environmentally conscious manufacturing is a new philosophy which focuses on the most efficient and productive use of raw materials and natural resources, and minimizes the adverse impacts on worker´s health and safety and the environment.
The selection depends on many parameters, e.g. workpiece material used, cutting tool material and geometry, and type of machining process.
The disadvantages of dry machining have to be compensated by improving the cutting tools properties, by the development of tool materials with lower friction coefficient and high heat resistance, better coatings or tool geometries.
Newman, Environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids.
Davim (ed.), Green Manufacturing Processes and Systems, Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology, Springer, 2013