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Introduction Recently, advanced lightweight structural systems have been achieved in various research fields with the aid of high technologies in computer and material sciences.
Especially, the emergence of so-called smart materials has accelerated successful development of the advanced structural systems [1,2].
So far, potential smart materials include electro-rheological fluids, magneto-rheological fluids, shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and optical fibers.
Most flexible structures featuring the smart materials can be easily subjected to parameter variations and disturbances.
Jaeger: Introduction to Smart Materials and Structures, Proceedings of U.S.A.

If surface hardening treatment was done using these method, surface hardening layer and compressive residual stress are created in the materials and then they immediately give significantly impact to bending fatigue intensity of gear.
Shot peening process When shot balls crash to the surface of metal, kinetic energy of shot ball gives instant plastic deformation to the surface of materials and thus indentation impression is created.
Minimum diameter was 12 mm and the chemical and mechanical properties of materials are indicated in the Table 1 and Table 2.
In the case of peening time of 2 minutes, the impact of the compressive residual stress which affects to materials was not enough compared to optimum peening and this is the reason why the fatigue characteristics is not superior.
Shin: Journal of Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers (2002), pp. 335-340 [4] J.H.

MIST is a new method [2] which incorporates key features of existing topology optimisation methods such as the solid isotropic material with penalisation (SIMP) material ‘power-law’ model [3], level set methods [4] and the evolutionary structural optimisation (ESO) method [5].
These weighting factors are related to element material properties via the SIMP material model as shown in Eq. 2 where E is the elastic modulus and β is the penalisation factor.
McKenzie Supplementary Scholarship in Aeronautical Science and Technology.
Tong, Design and testing of pressurized cellular planar morphing structures, AIAA Journal, Vol. 50, No. 6, (2012), pp. 1328-1338
Tong, Topology optimisation via the moving iso-surface threshold method: implementation and application, submitted to Aeronautical Journal, (2012)

Introduction The use of stainless steel materials is increasing with a rapid rate in various key domains of the technique [1, 2, 3].
The great difficulties for the cutting of the stainless steels involved intense studies to create new materials for cutting tools and sensible choice for the tools geometric parameters and cutting regime [7, 8, 9].
Davis, Ed., ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 2000
Processing, Structure and Performance, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 2005
Iacob, Calculus of the Relationship of the Cutting Moment at Drilling of the Stainless Steel X15CrNiSi20-12, Applied Mechanics and Materials. 760 (2015) 469-474

The experiment materials and methods The source and fundamental indicators of wastewater.
Hebei Journal of Industrial Science & Technology.2011,28(6):80-83
Journal of China University Mining and Technology,2001,11(2):212-216
Journal of Rock Mineralogy,2007,26(6):499-504
Environmental Science & Technology,2009,32(4):163-165.

By changing the internal force that main material of the cross arm suffered,deflection change of each main material occurred, resulting in fiber Bragg grating wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating strain sensors which on the surface of the cross arm shifting.
When meets adverse factors like the ice and other natural disasters, the stress of cross arm will increase, that may result in destruction of advocate or oblique material , and lead the cross arm to be destroyed.
We will install 4 sensors of the optical fiber Bragg grating cross arm stress of power tower, 2 at the center of the upper surface of 2 roots plane truss of the material and 2 at the center under the surface, which can real-time on-line monitor cross arm stress changes of power tower, and analyses the relevance between the stress and wind with local climate factor.
Journal of Hunan Universityy,2004,31(1) :56~58 [3] Ogawa Y.
Fiber grating: Principle, Technology and Sensing Applications [M], BeiJing: Science Press, 2005: 1~17, 42~116

However, the scarcity of base materials and increasing traffic demands necessitate a reduction in base thickness while maintaining performance standards.
Materials and Methods Base Layer The base course depicted in Fig. 1a is composed of a crushed rock sample.
Materials used for this study.
Kadhum, Performance of reinforced subbase materials by geogrid as a base layer under weak subgrade.
Construction and Building Materials. 274 (2021) 122093

The textile industry was driven by the availability of raw materials and the growth of the city's population, which provided a ready market for manufactured goods.
Unique architectural features: The architecture of a factory can provide information about the materials used or the architectural style prevalent during different eras.
Built in 1879, its main activity was the sugar cane production and alcohol distillation from the same raw material.
Sevilla, Graphic Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the Study of Industrial Heritage Assets, Applied Sciences, 10 (2020)
Ramos, Sugar cane industrial heritage in oriental coast of Málaga A tourist route opportunity, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1193, (2021)

Based on aluminum powder, Silicon powder, activated alumina and flake graphite as the main starting materials, SiAlON-Graphite composites were produced in N2 atmosphere.
Experiments Starting materials such as aluminum powder, silicon powder, activated alumina and flake graphite were used in the experiment.
The chemical compositions of all materials are shown in Table 1.
Raw Materials for the synthesis of β-SiAlON phase were fully mixed for 20 minutes and then for another 5 minutes after the addition of graphite and temporary binder.
Journal of Inorganic materials, vol.15(2000), p. 756-7(In Chinese)

Studying the anti-seismic, seismic damping and seismic isolation technology of the power system structure has become an important topic in the field of engineering science [1].
The finite element model of LRB high voltage circuit breaker 3.1 material properties LRB high voltage circuit breaker pedestal, flange, steel pad use steel, rubber, and its elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, yield strength, which is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Material properties Material name Modulus of elasticityPa Poisson's ratio Density kg/m3 Yield strength MPa Steel plate 200×109 0.3 7850 250 Rubber (linear) / 0.47 1200 / High ceramic silicon 70×109 0.33 2300 40 3.2 Finite element modeling The finite element model of LW15-550/Y porcelain high voltage SF6 circuit breaker established in Figure 2, The unit number is about 29357.
Journal of Guangxi University（Science Edition）,2007（32）:80-82.