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Increasing number of used fabrics leads to different failure mode due shearing force action.
Cement matrix for textile reinforced concrete are characterized by maximum grain size 2 mm; used newly developed mixture has maximum grain size 1.2 mm (silica sand 0.6/1.2).
Fig. 2 Load-deflection diagrams of specimens strengthened by various number of TRC.
Fig. 2 shows load-deflections diagram of one selected beam from each number of applied textile layers.
Number of used textile layers Thickness of TRC Force Tensile Strength Deflection under Max.

It means that larger (wider) grains consume smaller grains, similar to normal grain growth.
Yet, in our case the lateral grain growth is, most probably, assisted by reactive diffusion (thus, we have reaction-driven grain growth).
Decreasing number of channels between grains leads to decreasing (with time) effective diffusivity of IMC. 3.2 Simultaneous nucleation at the interface A|B For investigation of simultaneous nucleation of both phases the multilayer A|B was chosen as the initial state (Fig. 6a).
At the stage of simultaneous normal growth of both phases, competitive ability of phase depends on grain number in it and on quantity of grain boundaries respectively.
Phase A1B2 suppresses A2B1 because the latter has less number of grains than the first one, though A2B1 has larger formation energy. 0 1e+008 2e+008 3e+008 4e+008 MCS 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 V VA1B2 VA2B1 a) 0 1e+008 2e+008 3e+008 4e+008 MCS 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 V VA1B2 VA2B1 b) Fig. 7.

The bright grains are Y-ZrO2, dark grains are Al2O3.
Only a few grains show pull-out on the surface.
The grain size did not affect the hardness significantly.
Table 1 Effect of different ZrO2 contents on Al2O3 grain size, degree of homogeneity, and mechanical properties of A70Z and A85Z samples A100 (pure Al2O3) A70Z A85Z N, number of test samples 5 20 20 Average Size of Al2O3 and ZrO2 grains 2.5 µm, -- 0.71 µm, 0.44 µm 0.92 µm, 0.50 µm Ha, Hz -- 45%, 46% 47%, 41% Strength (MPa) 375 551 656 Weibull modulus (m) - 14.5 15.1 Sintered relative density (%) 99.7 100 99.8 Hardness (GPa) 18.2±0.3 14.3±0.3 17.2±0.2 Toughness (MPam1/2) 3.4±0.1 5.4±0.1 4.9±0.3 Good strength with high Weibull modulus was noted on both samples.
The grain size of ZrO2 grains was below the critical size, so the t-ZrO2 could be maintained at room temperature after sintering.

Processing methods like rolling, forging, extrusion, equal channel angular pressing and multi-axial forging can lead to grain refinement to obtain the refined grain size [5,6].
The transition in grain boundary segregation could be due to the competing effects of temperature on diffusivity and grain boundary mobility.
Extrusion of all these alloys led to grain refinement, with La and Gd being most effective in refining the grain size.
The grain size has been found to decrease as a function of Y content.
(ii) the increase of RE elements decreased the average grain size of the alloys and ensured more concentration of the element in solid solution or number of precipitates, which led to restriction of grain growth and texture weakening due to grain boundary pinning effects by solute segregation or particles.

Averaged grain size in the AZ31B alloy was about 9 µm.
While in the low impurity magnesium alloy, large grains with about 500 µm in diameter were observed together with small grains with about 50 µm diameter.
The electron diffraction pattern inserted in (a) was taken by selecting one grain into an aperture.
The numbers of pass for cold-rolling on the low impurity magnesium alloy was decreased by lowering the impurity concentrations in comparison with those for the AZ31B alloy.
(2) The pass numbers to achieve the same rolling reduction rate on the low impurity magnesium alloy were about a half of those for the AZ31B alloy

Fibrous grain size gradually decreases and its quantity also reduces in enzyme hydrolysis process.
The production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass is currently studied worldwide in order to replace conventional fuels with biomass-derived alternative options [2,3,4].Enzyme hydrolysis process is an important link of the whole fiber butanol production process, which attracts a large number of research scholars.
The original materials are mainly fibrous grains, whose fibers are long and can be directly observed (figure 2).
Fibrous grain size gradually decreases and its quantity also reduces in enzyme hydrolysis process, which is shown in figure 2 b, c, d, e, f.
Fibrous grain size gradually decreases and its quantity also reduces in enzyme hydrolysis process, which is shown in figure 2 b, c, d, e, f.

Similarly, the average grain size follows a comparable trend up to 650 °C because the heavily deformed matrix of the steel has a large number of preferred nucleation sites for new grains, however, above 650 °C, grain growth occurs leading to a progressive increase of the average size.
After the treatment at 650 °C (Figure 2 a) the steel has an extremely fine microstructure of equiaxed grains whereas the mean grain size is larger after heating at 750 °C and abnormal grain growth is also observed (Figure 2 b).
The increase of mean grain size and abnormal grain growth lead to the degradation of mechanical properties reported in Tables 2 and 3, below the values of standard EUROFER97.
In conclusion, the ideal microstructure consists of equiaxed grains with small and homogeneous size, therefore the best mechanical properties are achieved at the completion of recrystallization before the onset of grain growth.
Storai, Grain size reduction strategies on Eurofer, Nuclear Materials and Energy, 17 (2018) 129–136

Meanwhile, it can be seen that there are a large number of non-standard carbides.
After DCT was applied to the samples, a large number of SSCs precipitated from the matrix (Fig. 4d).
As stated earlier, a large number of carbides are distributed in the quenched and tempered Cr12MoV.
The USRP not only refines the grains, changes the morphology of the grain boundary, but also changes the distribution of carbides.
During USRP, severe plastic deformation led to the decrease of the grain size on the surface of the sample, which result in an increase in the number of carbides per unit grain on the surface of the sample, thus increased the surface hardness of the sample to some extent.

On accelerated cooling the decrease of austenite to ferrite transformation temperature encourages ferrite nucleation at the austenite grain boundaries and in the grain interior.
The enhanced nucleation rate restricts grain growth due to impingement of intergranular and intragranular ferrite leading to ferrite grain refinement [8-10].
At low cooling rate the polygonal ferrite is dispersed in the matrix and its grain size is coarse.
By contrast, at high cooling rate only certain recrystallized grains could grow preferentially; thus mixed austenite grain sizes will appear before the γ- to α- transformation.
Numbers of polygonal, round and rectangle particles were always visible in the ferrite matrix, grain boundaries and on dislocations in Fig.4.

Introduction Over the past three decades a number of expert systems have been developed around the world for a more efficient solution of problems in several areas such as diagnostic, design, planning, scheduling, process control, and quality control within the iron and steel industry [1, 2].
When the deformation is high enough, the deformed grains may be replaced by new, strain free grains via a process termed recrystallization.
It is possible to obtain a ferrite grain size of about 3 - 6 µm via DRCR using low finishing temperatures while higher finishing temperatures enable ferrite grain sizes down to 5 - 8 µm level [9].
The inputs to the system are initial structure, expected rolling schedule (number of passes, pass temperature, pass strain and rolling speed), and steel composition.
The transformed ferrite grain size after industrial processing was measured to be 4.6 µm while the predicted ferrite grain size is 4.9 µm.