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Online since: July 2011
Authors: Bing Yan
These include stormwater management [1,2], improved water run-off quality [3], improved urban air quality [4], extension of roof life [5] and a reduction of the urban heat island effect [6].
The green roof, can increase the per capita amount of city green quantity rate, save land, improve the urban landscape, regulate the microclimate, improve air quality, and Relieve city heat island effect, extend building life, promote energy conservation and emission reduction,it have good aesthetic function, economic and social benefits, and good ecological benefits.
For example,in Tokyo law, it clearly prescribe that if the covering area of new buildings is more than 1000m2, the green roof ’s area must achieve 20%; Only when clearly decide the green roof’s area reached proportion, the building energy conservation and emission reduction can be significantly improved, and how green roof can reduce rainfall runoff features.
This paper discuss the funcation of green roof, which is how to improve ecological environment and the effect of energy saving and emission reduction,and gave some suggestions about how to do this.We also propose the estimate method for the cost of green roofs construction project and green roof’s economic value and ecological benefit, and puts forward related Suggestions.
Using the most recent data available for the service sector, it is possible to estimate the potential annual energy savings that retrofitting green roofs could provide.
Online since: August 2018
Authors: Janis Varna, H. Ben-Kahla
The latter condition implies that crack densities used in data reduction should be significantly lower than the saturation value [3] ρk,max when the distance between cracks ≈tk.
Data following Weibull distribution will have linear dependence.
Using linear fit to these data we obtain parameters m and σin0.
In Fig. 2 the Monte Carlo simulation results are compared with experimental data.
Experimental data are presented with symbols, three simulations as curves.
Online since: December 2007
Authors: Jaroslav Pokluda, Karel Slámečka, Guo Cai Chai, Tomáš Podrábský, Simona Hutařová
Calculated values of effective thresholds are in a good agreement with experimental data.
When the micro-roughness of the crack path becomes comparable to the crack tip opening displacement, processes as kinking and branching of the crack front can cause a further reduction of the SIF range ahead the crack tip [6].
In eq. (2) the reduction of the local SIF caused by crack branching was assessed by a factor of 0.5 [7] .Thus, the second term in parenthesis expresses a weighted average of both the roughness- and branching-induced shielding of the crack front.
Table 1 Experimental data Estimation of Effective and Intrinsic thresholds Values of both the statistical factor η and the effective SIF range , cal eff thK∆ calculated according to eqs. (1), (3)-(5) are displayed in Table 2.
(ii) The calculated values of effective thresholds (closure corrected) are in a good agreement with experimental data.
Online since: January 2014
Authors: Xiang Feng Xu
Relying on experimental test data ,the model of the nonlinear relationship between fine bundle the rebar tensile force and the exposed segment frequency was established.
Considering the design tensile force cannot meet design requirements, the code[6]prescribes that the reduction factor 0.6 is multiplied when vertical prestressing force is calculated.The tensile force of vertical prestressing finishing rolling rebar doesn’t meet requirements is largely caused by human factors, such as nuts are not tightened, installation errors are large, these factors can cause tensile force reduction.
A) Model structural map (unit: cm) B) Model after pouring Fig 3 Model test The theoretical value of k can be solved based on test data and formula (7).
The following conclusions can be drawn from test data: (1) Because the occlusion of the reinforcement and nut in anchoring range is increasingly tight, the value k is non-linear increase along the effective tensioning force, (2) The first-order mode frequency w is non-linear decrease along the length increasing of the exposed segment reinforcement under the same level of tensioning force.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Mahmud Hilmi, Asna Mohd Zain, Shaaban Md Ghazaly
Al3+(soluble) ↔ Al(OH)4 (insoluble) ↔ Al(OH)4- (soluble) Eq. (2) (a) metal concentration (b) percent reduction Fig. 1: TCLP leachate of W/C 0.4 (a) metal concentration and (b) percent reduction (a) metal concentration (b) percent reduction Fig. 2: TCLP leachate of W/C 0.45 (a) metal concentration (b) percent reduction (a) metal concentration (b) percent reduction Fig. 3: TCLP leachate of W/C 0.5 (a) metal concentration (b) percent reduction Release of metal ions in TCLP leachate with CRMs The individual plot of metal ions concentration in TCLP extracts of OPC-sludge with CRMs namely CSF, FA, AC, RHA and MK are represented in Figures 4 (a) to (e).
Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge (1990)
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Yu Dong Xu
The following contents are mainly model and data, and cointegration analysis, conclusion and enlightenment.
Employment population statistical data for 1995-2008 are derived from "Compilation of Statistic for The 60th Anniversary of The Foundation of New China"; GDP data are obtained through data conversion according to prices and price indexes for the very years.
In terms of CO2 data, currently there is no monitoring data of CO2 emissions in China, CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel account for more than 90% of total CO2 emissions,in most literatures, such as Niu Haixia, Hu Jiayu(2011) and so on, CO2 data is converted from data of various energy consumption.
Then, total carbon emissions for each year is divided by GDP in 1995, carbon intensity data is obtained for each year.
FDI and Pollution: A Granger Causality Test Using Panel Data [J].
Online since: October 2010
Authors: M. Bobby Kannan, V.S. Raja
The data from this work are presented in Table 1.
In air, the peak aged alloy exhibited 10 % elongation (E) and reduction in area (RA) and 561 MPa ultimate tensile strength (UTS).
SSRT data of 7010 Al-alloys in peak aged and over aged conditions tested in air and in 3.5% NaCl solution at 10 -6/s strain rate [4].
Due to a sharp reduction in recrystallization, the fracture surface of Sc containing alloy revealed predominant ductile features (Fig. 5b).
(a) (b) Table 3 SSRT data of base 7010 Al-alloy and 0.25 wt.% Sc containing alloy in peak aged conditions tested in air and 3.5% NaCl solution at 10 -6/s strain rate [4].
Online since: January 2016
Authors: Mashitah Mohd Yusoff, Gomaa A. M. Ali, Kwok Feng Chong, Salah A. Makhlouf, Osama A. Fouad
The optical band gaps have been calculated from UV–Vis absorption data.
Further information about the chemical structure was obtained from FTIR data presented in Fig. 2(a).
Oxidation and reduction peaks were observed and ascribed to oxidation and reduction of cobalt (II, III) species.
The data shows an almost neglected iR drop.
El–Sayed, Cobalt/silica nanocomposite via thermal calcination–reduction of gel precursors, Mater.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Ling Zhi Sun, Chun An You, Lin Lin Sun, Jian Xin Liu
(2) Project example of energy-saving residential quarter Initial data of energy-saving residential quarter.
According to specific measuring and analyzing of the owner in energy saving 65% project .we get its use cost data as follows.
Still selects A-8 in the residential quarter as the research object, we suppose it is designed and constructed with no energy saving measure, preparation cost and construction cost is 2320 yuan/m2,heating cost is 3.3 yuan/m2,other data are the same, then the life cycle cost analysis of no energy saving project is shown as follows[5]: construction cost :12056×2320=27970000yuan special maintenance cost: 12056×60 =720000yuan annual property management fee: 12056×1.2×12=170000yuan annual use cost:12056×3.3×5+(880+200+600) ×82+12056×1=35330000yuan disposal expenses: 12056×20 =240000yuan salvage value: 2797×3%=840000yuan Assumptions for 6% discount rate, life period for 30 years, the calculation process of dynamic life cycle cost is:
Table 2 Analysis result of dynamic life cycle cost discount rate i=6% i=10% life duration 30 40 50 30 40 50 energy saving LCCPV 3515 3612 3644 3254 3270 3278 no energy saving LCCPV 3533 3642 3682 3348 3368 3377 reduction 0.5% 0.8% 1% 2.8% 2.9% 3% energy saving LCCAV 255 240 231 345 334 331 no energy saving LCCAV 256 242 234 355 344 341 reduction 0.4% 0.8% 1.3% 2.8% 2.9% 3% Table 3 Analysis result of static life cycle cost life duration 30 40 50 energy saving LCCPV 4186 4606 5026 no energy saving LCCPV 4369 4889 5409 reduction 4.2% 5.8% 7.1% We can know that from table 2 and table 3, although the initial investment of energy saving building increases, the whole life cycle cost is obviously lower than general building.
Summary Energy conservation and emitting reduction is one of the most important jobs of construction industry at present.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Yan Ling Guo, Yu Dong Bao
Blomidon trees are proposed as object of study, of which measurement data is obtained, referring to the data measured by the research group.
Belt driving 3.Clutch 4.Reduction gears 5.Guard board 6.Picking head 7.Device of collection boards 8.Collection groove Body of the picking machine is designed into the shape of door, which "ride" fruit trees and of which wheels in the ditches on both sides when it is walking vertically.
As the gasoline engine is started, the clutch is closed and at the same time the reduction gears are driven through belt driving.
Piching head is driven by the reduction gears through belt driving.
As the research of blueberry picking machine is limited, there is a lot of research work, such as the experiment of different varieties, the experiment in different gardens, the improvement of structure, time of field trials and the effects of the test environment and mechanical flexibility and operation technology on experiment data. 1 Foundation Project: supported by “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”(2572014AB04) and Project 948 of State Forestry Bureau (2011-4-21) Author: Bao Yudong (1986-), male, Fushun, Liaoning Province, PhD graduate, majoring in research of picking machine and robot of agriculture and forestry, and mechatronics technology.
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