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Based on microstructures that can be produced by alloying, titanium alloys are grouped as a, a-b and b alloys. a titanium and a-b alloys have been used for dental and orthopedic purposes as shown in Figure1. b titanium alloys are being considered as candidate materials for implant applications because of their ease of formability, increased strength and lower elastic modulus, in spite of increased cost.
Babu: Effects of Various Parameters on CNMG Turning Insert in Machining Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, International Journal of Engineering & Technology innovations, Vol. 1 issue 2, (May 2104), pp. 1-5 [2] Ananda Kumar Eriki, K.
Varaprasad: Machinability Improvement in Turning of Titanium Alloy (gr2) using Cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) Cutting Tool, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol.564 (2014) pp 507-512, (Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland 2014)
L. and A.K.M Nural A: The Performance of Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Insert in End Milling Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al 4V through Work Piece Preheating, American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2(1): 147-153, (2009)
Murugan: The novel bondless wheel, spherical glass chips and a new method of aspheric generation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 167, 184-190, (2005)

With the increasing use of composite materials in various engineering structures, it is of growing importance to develop reliable and effective nondestructive evaluation methods to assess and monitor the mechanical serviceability and safety of in service composite structures.
The material parameters are given in Table 1.
This project is supported by Funding of NSFC (50808054), Acknowledgement Shenzhen Durability Center for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University (SZDCCE 10-08) and the team Programs for Science and Technology Development of Shenzhen University (T200901) References [1] Choi H.Y. and Chang F-K: “Model for predicting damage in graphite/epoxy laminated composites resulting from low-velocity point impact”, Journal of Composite Materials, (1992), v.26.2134-2169 [2] Geubelle, Philippe H. and Baylor, Jeffrey S., “Impact-induced delamination of composites: a 2D simulation”, Composites Part B: Engineering, Volume 29, Issue 5, (September1998), pp.589-602 [3] Khuri-Yakub B.T., Degertekin F.L. and Pei J., “Dry contact ultrasonic sensors for structural monitoring”.
Ezekiel, “A Novel Fiber Optic Delamination Detection Scheme: Theoretical and Experimental Feasibility Studies”, Journal of Intelligent Material, Systems & Structures, (1990) 10(4), 314-321 [7] Xu, Y., Leung, Christopher K.Y., Yang, Z.
O., “Optical fiber instrumentation and applications”, Proceedings of SPIE -- Smart Materials, Structures, and Integrated Systems, Alex Hariz, Vijay K.

It was not only the most important channel to connect the southwest but also the major channel to transport military supplies, water transport of grain to the capital and civil goods and materials.
According to historical materials, goods were transported continuously to Huguang and Jiangzhe areas by the Wushui Route from Yunnan and Guizhou in Ming Dynasty.
According to historical materials, there were more than 400 commercial tenants in Tongren which is the distribution center and sales market for industrial products imported from other regions, such as Changde and Hankou.
Journal of Huaihua University, 2008.04 [6] Luo Yunsheng.
Journal of Hunan Administration Institution, 2010.03

Experimental procedure Materials.
In this research, the material used was Sn-Cu-Ni (SN100C) solder supplied by Nihon Superior Co.
Ltd, Japan for supporting the research effort through materials and finance with grant no. 9008-00003.
Journal of Materials Transaction
N., Aisyah Marini A: A Review of Solder Evolution in Electronic Application, International Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol 1, (2012), p.1-10 [8] Keith Sweatman: Hot Air Solder Leveling in the Lead-Free Era.Global SMT & Packaging, (2009)

School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China 2.
The eddy numerical computation of ferromagnetic materials has established a relatively complete finite element model [1].
Materials Evaluation ,1983 ,41 (11) :1389-1394
Journal of Iron and Steel Research, 2003,15(2),59-61
Advanced Materials Research. 2010, 146, 394-399.

When the operating parameters, the dimensions and the material properties of connecting structure components are given, the stress of the gasket SG can be solved basing on the deformation coordination equation (1).
The basic parameters of the calculation and the material of the key components are listed in Table 1.
Analysis results indicates that the sealing performance of the connecting structure is sensitive to the bolt-preload, elasticity modulus of flange material, gasket width and the bolt diameter.
,KuiJishan, “Bolt loads and gasket stresses in bolted flanged connections”, Nanjing institute of chemical industry academic journal, 1988, 10(4) ,66-73
Analytical Modeling of the Contact Stress With Nonlinear Gaskets．Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, FEBRUARY 2002, Vol. 124/47 [10]Lijun Ji, Yunfeng Si, Hongfei Liu, Xiaoli Song, Wei Zhu, Aiping Zhu, “Application of orthogonal experimental design in synthesis of mesoporous bioactive glass”, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2014,184,122-126.

Introduction Constructed outdoors, using materials with varying life expectancies, RC buildings are prone to damage from the environment, vibration, load stress and natural hazards such as hurricane, earthquake, flood.
This paper focuses on the early warning of the material limit stress or strain in the situation of real-time monitoring.
Though this method observed the uncertainty of load response, it ignored material variability.
Implementation of in situ material test makes it possible to update the information of the serving material.
References [1] Jing Wang, Li Yang, Hui Liu: Journal of HUST(Urban Science Edition) , In Chinese, Vol. 27(2010), p.55-58 [2] Huichun Yan, Na Yang: Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, In Chinese, Vol.32(2010), p.266-270 [3] Information on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability [4] J.G.

Engineers have tried numerous strategies to mimic these structures and incorporate them into various bio-inspired materials and devices [1].
These magnetic particles have also been impregnated in porous materials like tissue paper to make magnetic responsive actuator [3].
The silicone rubber gives an economical elastic base material to hold magnetite particles.
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 30(7), p.075012
Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 6(4), pp.329-334

BCB is one of the organic bonding materials, which is used in MEMS packaging.
Stress induced by packaging is mainly caused by thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) mismatches among the component materials making up the package, which is usually inevitable[4].
The bonding process is accomplished in a simple way; BCB is used as a material for constructing the structure layer as well as the crosslink layer.
It was found that the most important factors for hermetic bonding are pre-bake time, spun speed and pressure placed on the wafer, and stress isolation used for isolating TEC mismatches among the component materials making up the package can reduce a factor of 10 compared with that of the sensors without stress isolation.
Burghartz, Area-Selective Adhesive Bonding Using Photosensitive BCB for WL CSP Applications , Journal of Electronic Packaging, Vol. 127,2005,pp.7-11

In order to investigate the physical mechanism for the SERS signal enhancement, the nano-hemisphere with a gold material and a PEC material were employed in our simulation.
From comparing the PEC and silver materials nano-hemisphere, the plasmonic effect is confirmed the main physical mechanism behind the electric field enhancement.
Acknowlegements Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10974025, 11074029 and 61137005).
References [1] Fleischmann M, Hendra P J and McQuillan A J 1974 Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode Chem Phys Lett 26 163-6 [2] Nie S and Emory S R 1997 Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Science 275 1102-6 [3] Eftekhari F, Lee A, Kumacheva E and Helmy A S 2012 Examining metal nanoparticle surface chemistry using hollow-core, photonic-crystal, fiber-assisted SERS Opt Lett 37 680-2 [4] Maiti K K, Dinish U S, Fu C Y, Lee J, Soh K, Yun S, Bhuvaneswari R, Olivo M and Chang Y2010 Development of biocompatible SERS nanotag with increased stability by chemisorption of reporter molecule for in vivo cancer detection Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26 398-403 [5] Oakley L H, Dinehart S A, Svoboda S A and Wustholz K L 2011 Identification of Organic Materials in Historic Oil Paintings Using Correlated Extractionless Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Fluorescence Microscopy Anal Chem 83 3986-9 [6] Xu H, Aizpurua J, Käll
M and Apell P 2000 Electromagnetic contributions to single-molecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering Phys Rev E 62 4318-24 [7] Doering W E and Nie S 2001 Single-Molecule and Single-Nanoparticle SERS: Examining the Roles of Surface Active Sites and Chemical Enhancement The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 106 311-7