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This semiconducting characteristic was supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data which gave Bode plots with absolute frequency and a maximum frequency phase angle values of 38.3° and 75°, respectively.
On the reverse scan, in the negative direction, the reduction peak c' observed at Epc' = +24 mV, can be attributed to the reduction of Pd2+ to Pd0 or of Pd oxide formed during the forward scan.
In the reverse scan, two reduction peaks were observed, peak c' at Epc' = 16 mV and peak b' at Epb' = -445 mV.
The EIS experimental data for PdTe modified electrode in PBS (pH 7.2) were analysed by Nyquist and Bode plots.
Zhan, One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Luminescent CdTe Quantum Dots by Microwave Irradiation Reduction and Their Hg2+-Sensitive Properties, Nano Research. 2 (2009) 61-68

FCM analysis was the most suitable to show that both treatments produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the fHDF viability, attributed to its high sensitivity.
The toxic effect of ROS on the fHDFs was assessed by using three different viability tests, including flow cytometry analysis (FCM, FACSCalibur, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) combined by 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA, Sgma Co.) and propidium iodide (PI, Sigma Co.) double staining [6], MTT assay [reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to an insoluble purple formazan product] [7] and crystal violet (CV) assay according to a protocol modified from Ishiyama et al [9].
The MTT assay showed about 74% and 80% losses of cell viability against both concentrations of H2O2, but only 20% viability reduction was observed by the CV staining.
In addition, these oxidative stresses resulted in distinct morphological changes, such as detachment and necrotic alterations of the cells (data not shown here).
Moreover, the phenomena of necrotic detachment induced by both treatments were completely prevented by GTPC pretreatment, where the cells showed well attached and spindle-shaped morphology (data not shown here).

Analytical data from Schroeder and Webster [3] which were extracted from the experimental results of compression of disc-shaped specimenswere used in the intermediate friction conditions.
According to the relationship between inner diameter changes and height reduction, the calibration curve of constant shear friction factor for a 6:3:2 ring have been predicted.
Both the reduction ratio of height and reduction ratio of inner diameter are calculated.
The flow stress curves are the input data during the simulation of forging process.

Reduction of EMI. 1.
Speed volume relationship at different locations: The data for the above figure is collected in the non-congested time and no traffic flow data was collected at or over the capacity.
Reduction of EMI: The effect of EMI is reduced by the following methods.
The resistor spark plugs, resistor spark plug cables, use of silicone lubricant in the distributor, use of capacitors as filters, placement of grounding straps at key locations, conductive fan belt discharge, and tire static-charge reduction.

The reduction of defects tends to increases the yield production thus leading to greater profit and lower material wastage.
The data is collected and analyzed.
These data concern about the disbonds and unidentifiable ultrasonic indications.
The rate of reduction for disbonds is about 55.88%.
For unidentifiable ultrasonic indications, the rate of reduction is about 47.22%.

Based on the 1,000 hours experimental data, curve fitting and Findley Power Law models are employed to predict long-term behavior of the material.
Such times are needed to take to ensure the model covers all the range of experimental data and gives a prediction of theoretical behavior.
In order to extrapolate for 400,000 hours more data is required.
Plotting the creep strain data on a log-log scale for log (ε(t)−(εo) on y-axis and time on x-axis as shown in Figure 2.
The obtained creep data were in good agreement with Findley’s Power law.

Wireless data communication is the most significant source of power consumption, which have three schemes including centralized data collection, independent data processing and coordinated computing strategy shown in figure 1.
Large amounts of raw data communication take place in centralized data collection approaches due to problems including excessive power consumption and data congestion in memory.
Local data processing employed in independent approaches, significantly reducing the amount of data communication[[] Tanner NA, Wait JR, Farrar CR, Sohn H.
Base station Raw data Processed data Cluster head (a)Centralized (b)Independent (c)Coordinated Fig. 1 Data acquisition stratege This paper presents the coordinated computing strategy for data aggregation and system identification based on NExT/ERA and RDT/ERA [[] James GH, Carne TG, Lauffer JP.
An eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and model reduction.

It is based on massive, cumulative, near-real-time, real-world data measurements that can create an evolving profile of them in the digital world.
As long as a machine is being measured, it can be modelled in the digital twin, and the more data you capture from the real-life system, the more robust and accurate the digital copy can be.
Regarding the reduction of time and costs, it is an open issue on which the efforts of many researchers are concentrated.
As it is possible to note from the table, a reduction of 30,4% of the entire cycle time is shown by the simulations, whilst for the operations in which human has been replaced by robot, the time reduction should reach the 39, 4%.
Hence, through the multidisciplinary approach it was possible to verify and optimise the different human-robot interactions so as to open new usability “scenarios” and provide with new and adequate design responses for the collaborative robotic systems comparing real data and the data provided by the simulation.

The iteration curve can certificate that iteration process of FE computation is convergent and the data are correct.
Table 1 Comparison for same size (R10) but different number of balls (7 balls with keeper while others without) Max. node stress (MPa) Max. node strain (mm) No. of balls Stress value reduction in Similitude Reduction in Sequence Strain value reduction in Similitude Reduction in Sequence 7 10.562 -- -- 0.339975 -- -- 8 9.049 14.33% 14.33% 0.332515 2.19% 2.19% 9 11.914 12.80% -31.66% 0.354773 -4.35% -6.69% Table 2 Comparison for different size (R10) and different number of balls (10 balls with keeper while others without) Max. node stress (MPa) Max. node strain (mm) No. and radius of balls Stress value reduction in Similitude Reduction in sequence Strain value reduction in Similitude Reduction in sequence 7 balls-R10 10.562 -- -- 0.339975 -- -- 8 balls-R9 13.376 -26.64% -26.64% 0.391828 -15.25% -15.25% 9 balls-R9 10.81 -2.35% 19.18% 0.284063 16.45% 27.50% 8 balls-R8 Iteration is not convergent and analysis falls into fail

In the first scheme, a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state can be simply synthesized in a single step, in view of decoherence mechanism, a reduction of the number of operations for the state preparation is crucial.
Eight-40Ca+-ion W states have been realized by Innsbruck group with one motional quantum as data bus [12].
In view of decoherence mechanism, a reduction of the number of operations for the state preparation is crucial.