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The microhardness appeared reasonable distribution from substrate to the top ,which ensured that the materials had good abrasive wear resistance.
It is favourable to improve the wear resistance of materials.
High-energy density sources have widely applied hardfacing alloys to enhance wear resistance of materials surface, such as electron beam, plasma arc, and laser.
Table 1 Chemical composition of high carbon Cr-Fe, FeV [wt.%] Materials Cr V C Si P S Mn Fe FeCr66.7 FeV50 66.7 ― ― 47.8 6 0.48 3 2 0.025 0.078 0.043 0.033 0.14 0.43 Bal.
Seon: Wear, Vol. 267(2009), p. 1415 [7] Haiqin Sun, Mingju Chao, Xiaoding Jing: Laser Journal (In Chinese).

The infrared absorbing inkjet ink is composed of infrared absorbing materials, resin, assistant agent and solvent that has a great influence on the main performance of the ink.
Experiment Raw and Processed Materials.
[4] Zhang Dongjiu, Cu Zengyong and Xing Xin: Materials Review Vol. 24 (2010), p. 76-78
[5] Sun Chengcai, Huo Jichuan and Lei Yonglin: Materials Review Vol. 20 (2006), p. 48-50
[7] Huang Beiqing, Li Yuanyuan and Sun Chengbo: Academic Conference on China Association for Science and Technology (2005), p. 35-40

ranges from -0.4 m to 0.4 m; elasticity modulus of materials is 2.06 GPa; material yield strength is 370 MPa; overlapping length between jibs is 0.8 m, The rest of settings are same as above.
Its factor weight is slightly weaker than the material yield strength.
Acknowledgment This paper is supported by the National Science-technology Support Projects for the 12th five-year plan (2011BAK03B0904).
Journal of the University of Petroleum, China (Edition of Natural Science), 2004，28 (6) : 90-93
Ship Science and Technology, 2013, 35(1) ：46-50

This method has little effect on high melting point materials, for example, steel.
The raw magnesium material for thixomolding could be melting into liquid or solid chips with dendritic structure.
The granular or powder raw material is inclined to result in oxidization inclusion.
High quality products, large-scale production, low materials consumption and high production efficiency become necessary conditions for extending the application scopes of the semi-solid processing technology for magnesium alloy.
References [1] N.Ogawa, et al.: International J. of Machine tools&Manufacture, Vol. 42 (2002), p.607 [2] Xie Shuisheng, Huang Shenghong: Semi-solid processing technology and its application (Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing 1999) [3] Spencer D.B., Mehrabian R., Flemings M.C.: Metall.Trans Vol. 3 (1972), p. 1925 [4] Flemings M.C.: Metallurgical Transaction B Vol. 22B (1991), p. 269 [5] Flemings M.C., Riek R.G., Young K.P.: Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 25 (1976), p.103 [6] M.T.Shehata, E.Essadiqi, V.Kao, C.A.Loong, C.Q.Zheng: Proc. of the 7 th Int.

The study of metal cutting focuses, among others, on the features of tools, input work materials, and machine parameter settings influencing process efficiency and output quality characteristics.
§ Physics-based models: derived through understanding the science behind the process.
Once a material has been selected, the material parameters cannot be controlled anymore
Journal of Engineering for Industry, 94:1099–1107, 1972
International Journal of Production Research, 40(9):2053–2059, 2002

It is controlled by both of the nature of deformation materials and the hot deformation parameters of temperatures and strain rates.
References [1] J W Simmons, Overview: high-nitrogen alloying of stainless steels, Materials Science & Engineering A 207(1996) 159-169 [2] XY Lu, X Wang, Y Jiang, et al.
[4] J Moon, T H Lee, J H Shin, et al, Hot working behavior of a nitrogen-alloyed Fe-18Mn-18Cr-N austenitic stainless steel, Materials Science & Engineering A 594(2014)302-308 [5] B.
Kartik, R.Veerababu, M.Sundararaman, et al, Effect of High temperature ageing on microstructure and mechanical properties of a nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel, Materials Science & Engineering A 642(2015) 288-296 [6] G Sun, Y Zhang, S Sun, et al, Plastic flow behavior and its relationship to tensile mechanical properties of high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel, Materials Science & Engineering A 662(2016) 432-442 [7] S Wu, H Wang, C An, et al, Microstructure and properties of 1Mn18Cr18N steel used for retaining ring, J.
Heat Treatment of Metals, 41(2016) 37-40 [8] H J McQueen, N D Ryan, Constitutive analysis in hot working, Materials Science & Engineering A 322(2002) 43-63 [9] X Q Zeng, RZ Liu, R Zhu, et al.

The technique has been improved to diamond-turn some infrared materials like silicon and germanium in the brittle-ductile region.
The selection of suitable cutting fluid in ultraprecision machining is greatly influenced by machining process, workpiece material, cutting tool, and waste disposal.
Dom, "Rapidly solidified aluminium alloys by meltspinning," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 375-377, pp. 1212-1216, 2004/07/01/ 2004
Kilickap, "Selection of cutting fluids in machining processes," Journal of Achievements in materials and Manufacturing engineering, vol. 25, pp. 99-102, 2007
Kamruzzaman, "Cutting temperature, tool wear, surface roughness and dimensional deviation in turning AISI-4037 steel under cryogenic condition," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 47, pp. 754-759, 2007

One of the most effective ways is to pre-cool one or more materials of the concrete to reduce the concrete outlet temperature.
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2006（Vol.37, No.12）
Reduction of Interior Temperature of Mass Concrete Using Suspension of Phase Change Materials as Cooling Fluid, Construction and Building Materials, 2012(26): 527-531 [6] MA Chao, LIU Yanfeng, GUAN Wei.
Turbulence research of air-cooled aggregate material layer, Water Resources and Power, 2011,29（11）:117-118
Geometric Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Porous Medium Silica Aerogel, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer,1995,117(4):1055-1058

The emissivity ε is a material property which depends on type of disc brake material and its state; its influence over the quality (precision) of temperature distribution can be seen in figure 2 (emissivity variation from 1 to 0.2).
The material properties of disc brake and pads are presented in Table 1.
In Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology”, vol.1, no.1, July-December, 2009, 43-51
Simulation Study of Temperature Field and Stress Field of Disc Brake Based on Direct Coupling Method”, In Materials Science Forum, Vol. 628 - 629, 2009, 287-292 [5] G.P.Voller, M.Tirovic, R.Morris and P.Gibbens.Analysis of automotive disc brake cooling characteristics.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering (2003) 217-657 [6] R.

Zinc oxide is an important material which is used as a semiconductor photocatalyst for photodegradation during wastewater treatment.
Activity of semiconductor photocatalysts can be significantly improved by addition of metal atoms, metal ions and supporting material.
Ga and Gd are metals that can be applied as catalysts to ZnO semiconductor material under UV irradiation.
Dutta: Journal of Hazardous Materials B112 (2004), p. 269–278 [2] Nasser Modirshahla, Aydin Hassani, Mohammad A.
Szíjjártó, András Tompos, Emília Tálas: Materials Research Bulletin 83 (2016), p. 65–76 [10] Molly Meng-JungLi, ZiyanZeng, FenglinLiao, XinlinHong, ShikChi EdmanTsang: Journal of Catalysis 343 (2016), p. 157–167