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Introduction In the 1980s, China constructed a number of traditional secondary water treatment plants.
The number of denitrifying bacteria was generally higher than nitrobacteria and nitrosobacteria, the number of denitrifying bacteria was much higher than autophytic bacteria (Table 2).
The heterotrophic bacteria were still superior in numbers.
Thus, the number of denitrifying bacteria was higher than nitrosobacteria and nitrobacteria, while the number of nitrobacteria in the sludge with zeolite group was only a little higher than the control group.
The diameter of sludge in tank 2 was predominantly small grain diameter, and the other grain diameter was low (Table 3).

This layer is found to consist of nano-scale grains.
Owing to a number of special features, laser treatment has emerged as a popular technique in surface modification.
The obtained microstructure for all samples, under applying different laser treatment conditions, is a fine grains surface layer followed by very big grains layer and finally the interior layer with the same grain size of untreated samples.
Laser treatment results in reducing the grain size to a large extent.
It is characterized by very small grains compared to the adjacent region.

Local grain orientation, phase distribution and segregation are factors influencing the strain distribution, and therefore the properties of these materials.
Alloy Ni [at%] Fe [at%] Al [at%] Eut 1 Al-5.7%Ni 5.7 - Balance Eut 2 Al-1.7%Fe - 1.7 Balance In order, to eliminate the nucleation and growth of mis-orientated grains along the specimen length, all thin samples were grown from seeds defined structure and crystallographic orientation [4].
It was selected the microscope magnification around 92 grains and 2300 to 3000 markers [Eut1-120x; Eut2-120x] were present in each acquired 706 by 468 pixel image.
The image resolution of the technique depends on a number of experimental parameters including a higher resolution, signal to noise ratio, and the number of grayscales present, captured.
Shvindlerman, Grain Boundary Migration in Metals, (1999), CRC Series in Materials Science and Technology, CRC Press Florida-U.S.A [2] A.

At lower levels of Y addition, larger grains were developed as shown Fig. 1(a) ~ (c), whereas the grain growth was suppressed at higher Y levels as shown in Fig. 1(d) ~ (f).
A significant grain growth inhibition was observed at the doping level of 1.0 mol% Y, compared with 0.5 mol% Y.
YTi ' is compensated by the corresponding number of oxygen vacancies.
The sample with small grains (y=0.01) seems to be related to the donor doped-behavior, whereas the large grained microstructure (y=0.02) is compatible with the acceptor doped behavior (see Fig.2).
Summary The Y2O3 addition to Ti-excess BaTiO3((Ba+Y)/Ti =1) showed a typical microstructure development; larger grains were observed at low levels(≤ 0.5 mol% Y) and small and uniform grain size distribution, at high levels(≥ 1.0 mol %).

A crack grows across grains by slip-off in 316L stainless steel and in age-hardened 6061 aluminum alloys even in hydrogen.
In low carbon steel, facets were increased considerably, though a crack grows step by step or after a large number of loading cycles even along grain boundaries.
A crack grows across grains by slip-off in 316L stainless steel and in age-hardened 6061 aluminum alloy even in hydrogen.
In the low carbon steel, facets were increased considerably (about 30%), though a crack grows step by step or after a large number of loading cycles even along grain boundaries (Fig. 4).

The results showed that ion implanted M50NiL can increase the corrosion potential of substrate, reduce the corrosion active points and inhibit the corrosion reaction induced at the grain boundaries.
In the sense of the rust occurrence time, thermodynamics stability parameters, resistance to anodic corrosion current density and corrosion morphology of grain boundary microstructure, ion implantation improves the overall corrosion resistance of M50NiL substrate by reducing the initiation number of corrosion points, inhibiting grain boundary corrosion and decreasing the corrosion current.
It is believed that surface amorphous layer plays the significant role of reducing the number of active sites on the surface and surface energy, while the alloy phases weakening the corrosion strength.
Conclusions N/Ti and N/Zr ions co-implanted M50NiL can increase the corrosion potential of substrate, reduced the corrosion active points and inhibit the corrosion reaction induced at the grain boundaries to finally enhance the corrosion resistance of substrate.
The surface amorphous layer can reduce the number of active sites on the surface, while the alloy phases can weaken the corrosion strength of substrate.

All kinds of additives can be identified such as surfactants, brighteners, and grain refiners[4,5].
Number 1~5 corresponding to bath 1~bath 5.
Composite additives consisting of TX100, additive A and B, therefore, is very advantageous to promote cathodic polarization and to obtain fine-grained tin coatings.
Fig.3 (a) Impedance plots of electrode at -0.54V in five stannous methanesulfonate baths with and without the additives, Number 1~5 corresponding to bath 1~ 5.
Therefore, it can be reasonably expected that the tin coating obtained from bath 5 containing TX100, additive A and additive B should be smooth, fine-grained and compact.

These new grains have been developed by grain boundary migration of the ancient lamellar colonies, in an attempt to reach a condition closer to the equilibrium.
Two grains which contain many secondary lamellae were selected and their pole figures represented.
Detail of the quality image showing a region with elongated lamellar grains, some of them have been identified depending on their crystallographic orientation. a) Grains identified according to the crystallographic orientation of α2-phase. b) Grains identified according to the crystallographic orientation of γ-phase.
The repetition of this mechanism in a large number of points inside lamellar colonies, together with the development of discontinuous coarsening at grain boundaries, can develop a complete transformation of the microstructure in the studied specimens.
Thanks to this technique, existing orientation relationships between several lamellar grains have been analyzed.

Grain growth during secondary recrystallization was also affected, leading to larger grain size with x, y = 0.01 sample.
For the NKLNT-MnO2 ceramic showed a smallest grain size in the range of 2 – 6 µm.
According to the above results, it is revealed that a small amount of MnO2 doped in NKLNT ceramic has an evident effect on grain size reduction, as a grain growth inhibitor [5].
Whereas, addition of CuO promotes the mobility of grain boundary and increases grain size [6].
Acknowledgements This research is financially supported by Faculty of Science Research Fund, Prince of Songkla University under contract number 154003.

The roughness and grain size of TiO2 films surface decreases significantly with the negative bias increasing.
The crystal grains become even and fine, the high bias films surface micro-morphology has rice-like granular shape.
The rutile diffraction peaks are wider, which may be that the grain size of rutile is small and the crystallization is not complete.
The crystal grains become uniform and fine, the high bias films surface micro-morphology has rice granular shape.
The high bias films surface micro-morphology has rice-like granular shape, the crystal grains become even and fine.