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This definition is broadly in accordance with the definition that Bell proposed for ''duplex surface engineering''.
Hybrid processes can be very easy to handle and very efficient to grow nanostructured materials.
Conclusion The complexity of the materials deposited by hybrid processes can be regarded as an advantage since we wish to create new materials with original structures and properties.
Then, we are far from being able to describe thoroughly these processes despite materials with new properties can be grown in thin film.
Brunold: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Vol. 69 (2001) p. 271-284 [15] Y.

These materials possess good optical properties, unique mixed electronic and/or ionic transport properties and high conductivity/weight ratio.
Among them, the most promising materials include the polythiophene derivative PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)), especially its form in combination with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS).
In a several publications, photochemical approach was used to conjugate RGD peptide to different materials [21]–[25].
Materials and Methods Sample Preparation.
The improved hydrophilicity of the surface of different materials after RGD modification was already published in several papers [28]–[30].

XPS Analysis of Oxide Formed on the Surface of Co-28Cr-6Mo-1Si Alloy Oxidized at 550 ºC Phacharaphon Tunthawiroon1,a*, Mettaya Kitiwan 2,b, Patthranit Wongpromrat1,c and Akihiko Chiba3,d 1Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand 2Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand 3Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan a*phacharaphon.tu@kmitl.ac.th, bmettaya.ki@kmitl.ac.th, cpatthranit.wo@kmitl.ac.th, da.chiba@imr.tohoku.ac.jp Keywords: Co-Cr-Mo alloys, XPS analysis, oxidation, oxide film, dental, dental restoration, PFM Abstract.
Nonprecious metallic alloys, including stainless steel (316L), Co-Cr based alloys, Ti-based alloys are the common materials used to manufacture the PFM dental restoration owing to the economic cost compared to the noble metals such as gold, silver, and platinum.
Since the PFM is considered as the composite materials composed of metal and porcelain (ceramic) phases, the bonding strength between two different phases is the important key in determining the reliability of this device.
Henriques et al. [4] suggested that oxide formed on the based metal surface could effectively improve the bonding strength between metallic frame and porcelain whereas the excessive formation of oxide lowered the bond strength of these dissimilar materials.
Niinomi, Recent metallic materials for biomedical applications, Metall.

The research from International Data Corporation (IDC) shows that the data amount that the global produced in 2009 is 0.8ZB,and it increased to 1.2 ZB in 2010, what’s more, it reached up to 1.82 ZB in 2011, but by 2012, the data amounts of all printed material humans generated was only 200PB.
The Obama administration also announced "big data research and development plan" in March 2012, and declared that it would invest 200 million dollars pulling the industrial development related to big data, aimed at improving the capacity of the people to get knowledge from the huge amounts of data available, thus accelerating the United States’ pace of invention in science and engineering to strengthen national security.
It achieves the traffic management become a "points to points, key to key, zero distance, and unclocked" service.

As one of the key technologies of UAVs, path planning has attracted extensive attention from scholars all around the world.
Path Coordination Approaches The key to solve cooperative path planning problem is how to deal with coordinated relationship among tracks of different UAVs.
Potential energy function is constructed with material diffusion equation in physics, and then the fastest rising curve from the beginning to the end is the path to be found.
Computer engineering and Applications, 2005, 17: 56–58.

Desulfurization of Simulated Coking Benzene on Modified Activated Clay Chunguang Pan, Hongzhu Ma* Institute of Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China, 710062 E-mail address: hzmachem@snnu.edu.cn (H.
An effective catalyst is the key of alkylation transfer desulfurization, and the activity of acidic catalyst in the alkylation reaction mainly depends on its strength of superacidity [11].
The activated clay, which is quite abundant in the earth’s upper crust, is an important and cheap raw material for manufacturing such as adsorbents [15] and catalysts[16].
So the key step for improving the catalytic activity was enhanced the acidity of the activated clay.

Evaluation of Chlortetracycline impact on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) by quantitative real-time PCR Dasong Lin , Kangxin He, Qixing Zhou*, Ye Li, Xiujie Xie, Yao Liu Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China Corresponding author. e-mail address: Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn (Q.
Material and Methods A.Animals and Treatment Adult worms were purchased from an earthworm culturing farm in Tianjin, China.
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China as a key project (grant No.

Research and Design on On-line Contact of High Voltage Switch Circuit BreakerTemperature Rise Monitoring Device Jinbo Zhang1,2 Bin Chen1,2 Jiajia Song1,2 Zhengyong Xiong3 Jingfeng Liu3 (1 College of IOT Engineering of Hohai University，Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu Province, China 2 Jingsu key laboratory of power transmission & distribution equipment technology 3 Pacific AutomationTechnology co., LTD, Changzhou 213022, China) Key words:radio frequency; circuit breaker; temperature monitoring; magnetic saturation Abstract: In order to make on-line monitoring on the temperature of high voltage switch circuit breakerand find outthermal fault in time.
(1) (2) In the actual design,the material of CT selects the high quality silicon steel layer, the number of line loops must beas many as possible, and increasing the number of coil can improve the output voltage.

Research Status and Prospect of Water and Fertilizer Effect on Coffee Xiaogang Liu1, a, Xinle Wang2,b, Qiliang Yang1, c 1 Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming, 650500, China 2 Faculty of Foreign Language and Culture,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming, 650500, China aliuxiaogang666@qq.com, bnysywxl@126.com , cyangqilianglovena@163.com Keywords: Coffee, Effect of Water and Fertilizer, Research Progress, Research Prospect.
Coffee is the world's second raw material products after oil, and its consumption was three times of cocoa and four times of tea [1,2].
Among these water and nutrients play a key role.
Acknowledgement We are grateful to the research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50879073, 51109102 and 51009073), the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province (2010ZC043), Key Project of Yunnan Education Department (2001Z035) and 863 project (2011AA100504).

Ethylene-propylene rubbers are becoming more widespread in the rubber industry due to the availability of raw materials for synthesis, a high range of technical properties and a relatively low cost of rubbers based on it due to the ability to take a large number of fillers and softeners [1-3].
As a rule, the best complex of properties is possessed by vulcanizates containing crosslinks of different thermal stability (for example, a combination of carbon-carbon and monosulfide with polysulfide or ionic ones) and statistically (evenly) distributed over the volume of the material.
In this work, in order to expand the temperature modes of operation by increasing the thermal stability of elastomeric materials, fillers were used in the composition of elastomeric compositions, which change their structure under external influences [4].
Results and Discussion EPDM is one of the most widely used special purpose elastomers found in the production of single layer roofing materials, machine parts, wire and cable insulation and many other fields.
Key Engineering Materials, 816 (2019) 114-118