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.%, leading to tin pest phenomenon in tin rich materials.
A possibility of b/a-transformation at some previous stages of changes occurring in oxidized tin-rich materials was mentioned by Chiavari et al. [4], but not related to published there EDXS results, where such phenomenon was not observed.
The present EDXS studies show the occurrence of the accelerated a-tin oxidation that may lead to final deterioration of tin-rich lead-free materials.
Acknowledgement The work has been partially supported by the National Science Centre (project no N N515 503940).
Burns: A tin pest failure, Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 9 (2009) 461-465

Compared to crystalline materials, the amorphous semiconductors differ structurally, optically and electrically, hence the nature of carrier transport through such amorphous materials differ.
As seen in Fig. 9, the Brownian motion mobility of holes in the two amorphous materials is identical.
The electron mobility has been shown to be higher than hole mobility in both the materials, as is the case with crystalline materials as well.
Schlom, Zi-Kui Liu, Suitability of binary oxides for molecular-beam epitaxy source materials: A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis, APL Materials 8:8, 081110 (2020)
Journal of Elec Materi 49, 551–558 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07806-2 [19] Tiwari, D.

Effect of Yttrium Oxide on the Viscosity and Crystallization of Borosilicate Glass at High Temperature Zhongqing Tiana, Yukai Zhu, Weijiu Huangb School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, 69 Hongguangdadao Road, Chongqing 400054, P.
As a reinforcing material for a printed wiring board used, this leads to the need for glass fibers having a low dielectric constant.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (CSTC2012gg-yyjs5007 and CSTC2012gg-yyjsB50002).
Jawitz: Printed circuit board materials handbook (electronic packaging and interconnection) (McGraw-Hill, New York 1997)
Ray: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 100 (2006), p. 1.

So, to improve the performance of hydraulic control systems, it is essential to develop new types of servovalves based on new technology and new materials.
Giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA) based on giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM) has large blocked force, high energy density, and large bandwidth capabilities.
The anhysteretic magnetization Ma can be obtained from the Langevin function (3) where a is the constant of the material dependent in part on microstructure.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51175243), Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (20110752006), Fluid power transmission and Control Key Laboratory of Zhejiang University Development Fund (GZKF-201116), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NZ2012013), and Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education (CXZZ11_0196) References [1] S Karunanidhi, M Singaperumal.
Research on Displacement-sensing model and hysteresis loop of gaint magnetostrictive actuator [J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 48(2012), p169.

The material in this study is a martensic UHSS 1180MS (steel grade of Bao Steel).
The die material is powder metallurgy steel V4E.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51222505.
The authors are grateful to Baosteel Company for providing experimental materials and experimental conditions.
Cirp Journal of Manufacturing Science & Technology, 2017

Low Temperature Synthesis of PbTiO3Nanoparticles Yujing SUN 1, a , Shi TIAN 1, b and Xiaobing LI 2, c 1 School of Material Science and Engineering, P.
Acknowledgements This work .was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 50072001 References [1] Yihuang Yu:.
Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials.
Riman: Journal of the European Ceramic Society Vol 23(2003), p. 2323 [6] X.
Zhou: Nanostructured Materials Vol 10(1998), p. 161 [7] Xionghui ZENG, Yayan LIU, Xiuyan WANG, Wenchun YIN, Lan WANG and Hongxia GUO: Mater.

However, the material quality of nc-Si:H is influenced by a wide range of process parameters during the fabrication process of the films [3-6].
For example, it has been recognized that hydrogen plays a crucial role in the properties of the materials.
High hydrogen dilution is needed to grow crystalline as opposed to amorphous silicon materials.
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 60806046 and 10947106), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 8152104101000004) and Innovation Project for Young Teacher of Guangdong Province LYM09101.
Matsuda: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids.

Use yeast, bacteria, algae and other biological materials to accumulate heavy metals is one of the current research focuses [5-6].
Determination of chromium: in the acidic solution, hexavalent chromium reacted with the diphenyl hydrazine produce purple compound, department for spectrophotometry in the wavelength 540nm. 2.3.1 The orthogonal group There are four factors in the experimental design: temperature, initial concentration, pH and time, they were set to A, B, C, D, each factor has four levels, use the orthogonal table in all four levels of 4 factors to divide the experiment into 16 groups, among them A1: 37 ˚C, A2: 30 ˚C, A3: 20 ˚C, A4: 10 ˚C; B1: 0.9 g / L, B2: 1.0 g / L, B3: 1.1 g / L, B4: 1.2 g / L; C1 : pH = 4, C2: pH = 5, C3: pH = 6, C4: pH = 7; D1: 90 min, D2: 100 min, D3: 110 min, D4: 120 min. 2.3.2 Test steps Get tested mine waste water, add nano-materials into it, place it in the A factor in the shaker at different temperatures, the oscillation of the different D factor of time, after shaking, filter it, then measure the lead content in mine waste.
Supported by Open-end Funds of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology(2011HS012) References [1] Sastre J,Hernández E,Rodríguez R,et al.Use of sorption and extraction tests to predict the dynamics of the interaction of trace elements in agricultural soils contam inated by a mine tailing accident[J ].Science of The Total Environment,2004,329(123):261-281
[3] ZHANG Jian mei.Treatment Techniques of Wastewater with Heavy Mental [ J ].Journal of Xian United University, 2003, 6 (2)：55- 59
Shanghai Environmental Sciences,1998,17(7):14-17

Non-destructive Inspection Method and Application Research of Steel Corrosion in Concrete Structures Xiaona Zhang1, a and Mingxiao Jia 2, b 1Huanghe Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou 450063, China 2North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China a45165920@qq.com, b93612621@qq.com, Keywords: steel corrosion, durability, concrete structures, non-destructive inspection.
Davies, Durability of Building Materials and Component, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1991
Page, Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York, 1990
Maso, Durability of Construction Materials Chapman and Hall, London and New York, 1990
Kulendran, Finite Element Modeling of Corrosion Damage in Concrete Structure, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 89 6 (1992) 699-708.

At present, the new cheap adsorption materials bentonite in heavy metal ions adsorption got application (LIU Taoxiang,2012), but bentonite as a new type of absorbent of the raw material, directly used for water treatment of absorbent, poor effect.
Materials and Method Materials Experiment with bentonite is clastic rocks and volcanic lava classics decency and become, including quartz, feldspar, perlite, zeolite and impurities, bentonite of montmorillonite in the content of about 60%.
Reference [1] Lizhong Zhu, Baoliang Chen.Beijing:Science Press(2006),in press
Chemical Engineering Journal Vol.187(2012),p.79
Applied Clay Science Vol.43(2009),p.64.