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Material, force and contact force.
The material of the base is stainless steel, and its density is 7.75×103 Kg/m3.
The material of pedal is cast aluminum, and its density is 2.7×103Kg/m3.
Rubber is a hyperelastic body, and it is nonlinear material.
Huang: Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Vol.29(2009), p20-24 (In Chinese)

FE Simulation of Die Forging Process for High Pressure Valve Body Yang Yanga, Liwen Zhangb, Zhi Zhuc and Jianlin Zhangd School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR, China acommat@mail.dlut.edu.cn, bzhanglw@dlut.edu.cn, cstephen1985_chu@163.com, dzhjianlin2008@gmail.com Keywords: High pressure valve body, Die forging, Finite Element Simulation Abstract.
The material of billet and die were 18Cr12NiMo and H13 respectively.
The pre-forming operation is used to control the distribution of material and ensure the balance of billet when the billet is put into the pre-forging die cavity.
(2) The main reason leading to folding defects of high pressure valve body is the unreasonable material allocation of billet, and the appropriate pre-forming billet is the key to obtain the high quality forgings
References [1] LIU Yan-fang, DAI Zhen-kun, XIN Xiang-yang and TIAN Liang: Journal of Central South University Vol 18(2011), pp. 1589-1594 [2] GAO Wen-cheng: Heavy Casting and Forging Vol 3(2010), pp. 22-23 [3] ZHENG Bin-bin, DONG Chuan-yong, XUE Ke-min, LI Qi and ZHOU Jie-kui: Jouranl of Netshape Forming Engineering Vol 2(2010), pp. 61-63 [4] P.

A fracture mechanics investigation on crack growth in massive forming Gernot Trattnig 1,a, Christof Sommitsch 2,b, Reinhard Pippan 1,c 1 Erich Schmid Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben, Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for local Analysis of Deformation and Fracture 2 Böhler Edelstahl GmbH, Kapfenberg, Austria a trattnig@unileoben.ac.at, bchristof.sommitsch@bohler-edelstahl.at, cpippan@unileoben.ac.at Keywords: crack growth, fracture toughness, stress triaxiality, crack opening displacement Abstract.
Material The experiments were carried out with the austenic steel X5NiCrTi26-15 (Böhler T200), which is used e.g. in aviation industry or as turbine blade material.
This brings the big advantages of saving testing time and material.
[2] E 1290-89: American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia (1989)
Rice: Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 35 (1968), p. 379

Xie et al [2] carried out high efficiency deep grinding test on zirconia ceramic and other ceramic materials; Liu Li Ping [3] used chrome corundum grinding wheel for ultra-precision grinding of silicon nitride ceramic.
According to Figure 4.a), the machined surface is obviously broken when grinding depth is 6μm, and there is deep pit formed on the workpiece surface due to material dropping off, with serious local breakage.
The increase in feed rate reduces the times of contact between grinding wheel and workpiece, increasing the maximum cutting thickness of single abrasive grain makes the increase in proportion of chipping removal from ceramic material, thus increasing surface roughness.
Acknowledgments This work is partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 51175122) References [1] J.Y.
Huang, et al: Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol.43 (2007) No.1, pp.176-184.

Pairs of materials used for hip implant joints The most frequent combinations of materials used for hip implant joints are Metal-on-Polyethylene bearings (MoP), followed by Metal-on-Metal bearings (MoM), Ceramic–on-Polyethylene (CoP), and Ceramic-on-Ceramic (CoC).
These materials used for joint endoprostheses are stronger and more resistant to impact loading than the previous ones [13].
Lemons, An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, 2nd Edition, California, Elsevier Academic Press: (2004) 535
Vladescu, Contributions to the improvement of the tribological behaviour of hip implant joints, Journal of Science and Arts Year 16, No. 2(35), (2016) 177-184
[19] Standard Test Method forWear Testing of Polymeric Materials Used in Total Joint Prostheses.

Journal of Applied Physics, 2009. 73(11): p. 7120-7124
[4] Osterberg, P., Electrostatically actuated microelectromechanical test structures for material property measurement. 1995
Microelectromechanical Systems, Journal of, 2002. 10(4): p. 601-615
Microelectromechanical Systems, Journal of, 2002. 11(5): p. 612-620
[13] Zhengjia, wavelet finite element theory and its engineering applications. 2006, Science Press

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant Nos. 70802044 and 70971118, the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department under Grant No.
Stockinger: Economic Models for Resource Management and Scheduling in Grid Computing, The Journal of Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience (CCPE). 14(2002), p. 13-15 [4] G.
Rychtar: A game theoretical model of kleptoparasitism with incomplete information, Journal of Mathematical Biology. 59(2009), p. 631-649 [6] Q.
Lin: A Game-Theoretic Resource Allocation Strategy with Purification Approach for Computational Grids, International Journal of Intelligent Information Technology Application. 1:2(2008), p. 65-71 [7] D.Z.
Fang: The Key of Network Manufacturing: Integrating Material, Information, Capital and Knowledge Flows, The Proceeding of The 7th Annual International Manufacturing Symposium, Cambridge, UK (2002) [8]　 H.J.

For further development of the model, other factors such as material removal, geometric deformation, and multiple balls of different diameters need to be incorporated.
Concentric V-groove lapping system, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 46 (2006), p. 1146-1156 [3] Rong-Tsong Lee, Yih-Chyun Hwang, Yuang-Cherng Chiou: Lapping of ultra-precision ball surfaces.
Eccentric V-groove lapping system, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 46(2006), P. 1157-1169 [4] Julong Yuan , Feihu Zhang, Yifa Dai, Renke Kang, Binghai Lv: Development Research of Science and Technologies in Ultra-precision Machining Field, JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Vol. 46, No. 15 (2010), p. 161-177 [5] B.H.

Performance function Zi and Zj can be denoted as follows: (4) (5) Correlation coefficients of Zi and Zj can be reformulated: (6) Reliability and sensitivity evaluation of double-layer spherical lattice shells Model description and random parameters The geometry and material properties of the lattice shells are selected as follows: span length L=50m; curvature radiuses are selected as R=26.35m.
Acknowledgements The supports of the National Natural Science Foundation (No.51179164), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.QN2012027) and the Doctoral Scientific Startup Research Foundation of Northwest A&F University (No. 2012BSJJ002) are gratefully appreciated.
International Journal of Space Structures.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research.
Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures.

The metallic material constants:, Poisson's ratio .
Journal of Yanshan University, 2005, 29(2): 178-181 [2] Zhang chi-ping, Zhang-xing.
Journal of Plastics, Rubber and Composites, 31(9): 412-418 [5] Xiong Y., Bedair O.
AIAA Journal, 1999, 37(1): 93-99 [6] Madenci E, Shkarayev S, Sergeev B, et al.
Advance in Aeronautical Science and Engineering, 2011, 2(2): 193-198