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The temperature is a key factor that affects the metal deformation and the material property in the rolling process.
Therefore, the numerical simulation of the rolling process should take the temperature factors into consideration to improve the prediction accuracy.
However, the mechanical parameters are difficult to achieve the required accuracy if the impact of temperature on the rolling process does not be taken into consideration.
For hot rolling process, temperature is one of the most important factors that affect the metal deformation resistance.
Cavaliere et al. [3] develop the coupling between the purely mechanical model of the work-piece and the thermo-mechanical model of the rolls.

Several Mg-4Al-4La/Ce alloys were developed and their microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated.
Considering the formation of fine-grain magnesium alloys, several factors as follows should be involved in this work.
For this phenomenon the following factors may be considered.
Tensile properties.
The authors also would like to thank Foxconn group for the test of the mechanical properties.

Saunders [2] considered that the formability of TWBs mainly depends on the weld-line’s moving distance, and the weld-line movement mainly depends on the influence of the boundary conditions and material properties.
Zhou jie [4] et al. were studied the weld-line movement with different thickness combination or different strength combination during forming process, it is concluded that the mechanical properties of the base metal play an important role with the draw bead, but without the draw bead, different strength combination of the base metal play a leading role.
So what other factors affect the weld-line movement during the forming process and how they influence the movement are questions deserving research.
Analyzing the influence factors of square cup The orthogonal experiment arrangement and results There are many factors affect the square cup’s weld-line movement during the stamping process, each set of factors contain a lot of levels, if have a comprehensive test, will encounter excessive number of trials and other issues.
(c) (b) (a) (f) (e) (d) Fig. 3 The relationship between the influence factors and the target value 3.

Stress concentration factor can be obtained in formula (1)
(1) where ——bending stress ——crack length ——bending stress coefficient is determined by the shape and mechanical properties of parts Bending stress is shown as follows: (2) In formula (2),——bending moment, when the eccentricity is e, the bending moment is = R ×e (3) In formula (3), R——limiting force of hammer rod When formula (3) is inserted into formulae (1) and (2), K can be found by formula (4) (4) K is turned into the critical stress concentration factor Klc, namely K = Klc, crack
The minimum safety factor is set at 1.3.
The minimum safety factor is 1.94.
Mechanical workers.

The synthetical function of multiple factors such as the thermal deformation, the rising temperature, the interaction between asperities makes the complicated relationships among the maximum temperature, the maximum contact pressure and the real contact area.
So the partition of frictional heat flux between the solid A and B is assigned naturally according to their thermophysical properties of material.
Thermal Stress To simplify the calculation, it supposes the materials of solid A and B are homogeneous and their thermal properties are invariant with temperature.
The parameters of the material properties of the solid A and B are given in Table 1 [14-15].
These complex contact states bring great effect on the surface tribological properties and the contact fatigue damage.

They show a big variety in appearance, often strongly differing from the temperature distribution predicted by a model-calculation using homogenous material properties.
The temperature distributions measured with the infrared system give information about gradients in material properties.
Sintering influences the material strength and the electrical properties.
It affected mostly the batches with lower strength.
Murakami: Stress Intensity Factors Handbook Vol 1 and 2, Pergamon Press (1987); 657- 659 (Vol 2) and 169-170 (Vol 1)

Life is a key index to evaluate the property of a bearing and has great influence on the whole performance of machinery.
Factor set is composed of various factors that affect evaluated object.
According to the specific gravity, m factors can be divided into n grades.
To reflect the essence factor under the effects of various factors in the external environment, all the effects caused by various factors should be fully considered as far as possible.
The four main influencing factors that affect the average equivalent dynamic load MP of rolling bearing is the situation of grinded object, lubrication condition of rolling bearings, operation of workers and grinder itself[7].

On the assumption that random variables of affecting the stability of the crashing cavern obey normal distribution, and the reliability index()and failure probability()have established relationship.
Therefore, its reliability analysis should choose the reasonable model and the corresponding failure criteria based on surrounding rock properties and support type to establish the reliability limit state equation of underground engineering.
Limits balance equation of cavern reliability analysis The limit equilibrium equation of cavern stability based on reliability theory can be expressed as: （1） Where Z is the state variables cavern project system; G(x1,x2,…xm) is the state function of cavern system; xm is the factors variable influencing the the cavern stability.
Assumptions that affecting random variables of the cavern stability is normal distribution, so there is definite relationship to the reliability index ()and failure probability().
Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1987.

Effect of Polar Molecule Urea on TiO2/Urea ER Fluid Properties and microstructure Suokui TAN 1,2, a, Xiaoping SONG 2,b , Li Qiao 1.c, Hongyan GUO 1,d, Song JI 1,e, Hong ZHAO 3,f 1Ningbo Branch of China Academy of Ordnance Science, Ningbo, China 2 Xi，an Jiaotong University，Xi，an China,3 Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China atansuokui@126.com, bxpsong@mail.xjtu.edu.cn, cQiaoli040920@163.com , dnbguohongyan@163.com，ejisongnb@126.com，fzhaohong@dlut.edu.cn Key words：Electrorheological effect, TiO2/Urea particles, ER photograph Abstract：By way of mechanical properties test and microstructure observation，the effect of Urea on TiO2 particles has been researched，it has showed that ER fluid activity of the particles were closely associated with urea content.
But ER properties are not enough to meet the engineering needs.
There are many factors to affect the ER properties, particles modifying is one of most important and effective method [7-8].
This paper focuses on the research of morphology and properties of electrorheological fluid of TiO2/Urea under different electric field.
Effect of different Urea on TiO2/Urea GER photograph х225 Conclusions The properties of TiO2/Urea particles ER is increased with electric fields increased, Urea content of TiO2/Urea particles direct decide their properties.30%Urea TiO2/Urea particles ER has the best shear stress that it is 60kPa.

Considering the difference between specimens and RD2 axle of C64A freight car, the extrapolated probabilistic fatigue S-N curves of LZ50 axle steel, which include the long life regime of material, are adjusted by introducing a probabilistic fatigue affecting factor, Kaffect.
Material of the axle is LZ50 axle steel and its basic fatigue properties have been obtained in previous work [1-3].
A probabilistic fatigue affecting factor, Kaffect, is adopted to describe the difference between material specimens and realistic axles [5].
Thus, fatigue affecting factor with arbitrary survival probability, P, and confidence, C, can be defined as Kaffect,P-C.
Mechanical Eng., Vol. 40, 9 (2004), p. 48 [4] B.