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As a consequence materials are subjected to more frequent failures due to more severe stresses.
The most used and nowadays the most indicated for fatigue stress application are materials with metallic matrix.
Such materials are used in many applications, e.g. in the automotive and aeronautical industry or in the biomedical field.
The principal mechanical characteristics of the materials are shows in Table 3, together with the hardness values at the surface and at the bulk material.
Tordini: Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 348-349 (2007), pp. 313-316

The Study of Native Plants Water Consumption Characteristic in Gurbantunggut Desert Wenxin Yang1,2,Xinlin He 1,2,*,Guang Yang1,2, Shuangdui Xu1,2, Si Chen1,2 1College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering Shihezi University，Shihezi, 832000, China; 2Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation, Shihezi, 832003, China; 3314728370@qq.com, hexinlin2002@163.com, mikeyork@163.com, 1039248093@qq.com, 724844262@qq.com Keywords: liquid sap flux density, meteorological factor; desert vegetation, Gurbantunggut Desert Abstract.The plants' sap flow can characterize water transpiration and consumption, reflect water transmission situation and then determine the vegetation ecological water requirement.
Desert vegetation transpiration water is a key factor of ecological water requirement, water consumption of plant root absorption is more than 99.8% in transpiration[2], so accurately estimating trunk rising fluid flow and determining transpiration water consumption become an important process for the calculation of ecological water requirement.
Because Granier probe to the variation of the temperature is anomaly sensitive, the probes were external packaged radiation material to reduce the thermal radiation to probe the interference, at the same time it can prevent rain immersion effect to guarantee the determination results from the influence of a certain extent.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the support from National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB411905); The national natural science fund project (U1203282)(51269026), Key Project of Chinese National Programs for Fundamental Researchand Development (2010CB951004); International cooperation project of Bingtuan (2012BC004).

A review of theoretical research on partial parameters in three-phase slurry bubble column reactor Yongdan Li1, a, Sumin Lu1, b and Qinpeng Guan 1, c 1Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 300387, Tianjin, China aliyongdan0313@163.com, blusumin0720@163.com, c1250488216@qq.com Keywords: Slurry bubble column reactor; Flow regimes; Gas holdup; Mass transfer coefficient.
It has no internal movement artifacts but simple structure, excellent heat and mass transfer characteristics, low operating costs, and it is easy to control the temperature of the material and handle solid particles.
It is a key parameter in reactor project designing.
Mass transfer coefficient Mass transfer is the key phenomenon in the chemical reactions taking place in the slurry bubble column reactor.
So the mass transfer in gas-liquid phase is explored frequently in practical problems, and the mass transfer coefficient can be described with volumetric mass transfer coefficient, i.e. kLa, it is a key parameter in the use of designing and scale-up.

Indeed, nowadays the environmental impact issue of the manufacturing sector is extremely topical, particularly given that the energy consumptions of industry, including the materials production, represents the 35% of total amount, and the sector CO2 emissions, derived both from direct and indirect emissions, represent more than thirty percent of global emissions [5].
It is also possible to evaluate the advantages of scheduling in terms of energy savings, using a Key Performance Indicator (KIP).
Ashby, Materials and the Environment - Eco-Informed Material Choice, first ed., Elsevier, Canada, 2009
Thiriez, Electrical Energy Requirements for Manufacturing Processes, 13th CIRP International Conference of Life Cycle Engineering, Lueven, 2006
Puigjaner, Global strategy for energy and waste analysis in scheduling and planning of multiproduct batch chemical processes, Computers & Chemical Engineering, 20/6–7 (1996) 853–868

Analysis Methods of Reasonable Finished State of Space-Twisting Cable Leaning Tower Cable-Stayed Bridge Yingzhao Lv1,a,Guoqiang Chen 1, b,Bo Lei2, c,andWei Ren3,d 1 Highway Administration of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310004, China 2Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Communication Planning, Design&Research, Hangzhou 310006, China 3 Key Laboratory of Bridge Detection Reinforcement Technology Ministry of Communications, PRC，Xi’an 710064, China alyz117@126.com, bchen13336086322@163.com, c12160498@qq.com,drw20062@163.com Keywords: Cable-stayed Bridge; Reasonable Finished Bridge State; Reasonable Construction State; Coupling Analysis; Structural analysis Abstract:Aimed to solve the problem that the reasonable finished state (RFS) of space-twisting cable leaning tower cable-stayed bridge (SLCSB) is inconsistence with actual finished state.
For stayed cable, finished bridge cable force ofdead load should be greater than the minimum requirements of the cable sagand less than the maximum cable force allowed by the material; cable force is generally distributed as uniform as possible.
With the theoretical value the final setting value should be corrected in real-time in accordance with the selected construction control method, the feedback of field measurement values and the actual situation of engineering.The calculation flow is shown in Fig 1.
Because of the discrete characteristic of the concrete material, although the value is within the scope, it is close to the upper limitation and the possibility of cracking is great.
Response analysis of cable-stayed bridges due to random deviation of stay cable tension [J]. structural engineer, 2011, 27(1): 154-160;（in chinese） [5] Yang Xiaosen. study on the key problems in the life cycle health monitoring of long span cable-stayed bridge [D].

Grinding Burn and Chatter Classification Using Genetic Programming Xun Chen1, a, James Griffin 2, b 1 School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK 2 School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK a x.chen@hud.ac.uk, bjames.griffin@nottingham.ac.uk Keywords: Grinding burn, Grinding chatter, Classification, Genetic Programming.
Grinding burn can be considered as a key unwanted phenomenon when grinding aerospace materials.
Raja, et al.: Precision Engineering, Vol.26 (2002), pp.222-235
Rowe, et al.: Proceedings of the MechE Part B - Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 210 (1996), pp.349-352
Kim, et al.: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 111 (2001), pp.273-278

To engineers, their definition of working is to maximize uses of materials, skills, and energy for the benefit of mankind [34].
Published many journal papers on vernacular architecture. 02 Expert ‘P’ Professor in Civil Engineering. 25 Author of a rammed earth construction book and many journal papers.
You can’t change the architectural set up, or just change the engineering setup, or just to change the regulatory setup, but everything has to change.”
MRUP thesis, School of Building and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, The University of South Australia, Adelaide (1996)
Proceedings of the ICE institution of civil engineers, engineering sustainability 160, issue ES3.

The aim of this article is to explore state of art discussion of various techniques and materials involve in cell encapsulations.
Materials in Cell Encapsulation The materials used in cell encapsulation must be of constant quality and be biocompatible with the host and the enclosed cells.
A number of alginate composite materials have also been explored for cell encapsulation [118].
Gemeiner, Engineering Aspects of Carriers for Immobilized Biocatalysts.
Hossainy, Gels for encapsulation of biological materials, US Patent 5, 529,914, 1996

Progress of Microstructure and Texture of High Purity Tantalum Sputtering Target Jianghao Bai1,2,3,a, Xiaodong Xiong2,b*, Junfeng Luo2,c, Guojin Xu2,d and Yongjun Li2,e 1National Engineering Research Center for Rare Earth Materials, GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China 2Grikin Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China 3General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China a1944247378@qq.com, bxxdbear@grikin.com, cljf@grikin.com, dxgj@grikin.com, elyj@grikin.com Keywords: High purity tantalum; Sputtering target; Microstructure; Texture; Cold rolling Abstract.
Because of its good chemical stability, tantalum is used as a sputtering coating material for the diffusion barrier in the copper interconnect process.
The homogeneity of microstructure and texture in the thickness direction of the target material has proven to be the key to reliable sputtering [1].
The radial forging makes the material flow in the axial direction, and the upsetting makes the material flow in the radial direction.
Wang, Research on the texture control technology of tantalum barrier materials for chips, R.

Osinowo et al. [14] took a different approach by developing a low-cost pyrometer using locally sourced materials.
The total project cost, encompassing one-time materials and a multimeter for accurate measurement, amounted to approximately $123.84.
Parmar, Solar Radiation and Pyranometer: A Review, Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in Electrical Engineering 1 (2010–2011) 122-125.
Kolawole, Development of a Low-Cost Pyrometer using Locally Sourced Materials, IJSRD-Int.
Vidal, Design of a Low-Cost Sensor for Solar Irradiance, Engineering, Environmental Science (2014), Corpus ID: 21511427.