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Auto-adaptive Heat Source Model for Numerical Analysis of Friction Stir Welding Hong-ke Li 1, a, Qing-yu Shi 1, b , Ting Li 1, c, Wei Wang 1, d 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology Ministry of Education ,Beijing, P.
During FSW, the localized heat, generated by friction between tool and workpiece, softens the material around the probe.
Material Properties.
Material properties such as heat conduction, specific heat and yield stress were all temperature dependent.
Thermal and thermo mechanical modeling of friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6, Journal of Materials Processing & Manufacturing Science,1998,6(7): 215-233

Sadayappan2 1 Metal Processing Institute, WPI, Worcester, MA, 01609 USA 2 CANMET- Materials Technology Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0G1 Canada a shiminli@WPI.EDU Keywords: hot tearing, casting Abstract The mechanisms of hot tearing are generally understood; inadequate feeding initiates the tear and further thermal deformation propagates the tear.
Experimental Instrumented Constrained Rod Mold The constrained rod mold used in this study was developed at CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory (MTL) and designed to measure the load or shrinkage/contraction developed during solidification.
S. (1952) Metallurgy and mechanics of hot tearing, AFS Trans, 60,818-833 [2] Campbell J. (1991) Castings, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann [3] Clyne, T.W. and Davies G.J. (1975) A quantitative solidification test for castings and an evaluation of cracking in aluminium-magnesium alloys, The British Foundryman, 68, 238.[4] Eskin, D.G., Suyitno, & Katgerman, L. (2004) Mechanical properties in the semi-solid state and hot tearing of aluminum alloys, Progress in Materials Science 49, 629-711 [4] Hamaker J.C. and Wood W.P. (1952) Influence of phosphorus on hot tear resistance of plain and alloy gray iron, AFS Trans, 60, 501-510 [5] Eeghem J.
A. and Flemings M.C. (1970) A fundamental study of hot tearing, AFS Trans, 78, 453460 [7] Guven Y.F. and Hunt J.D. (1988) Hot-tearing in aluminum copper alloys, Cast Metals, 1, 104111 [8] Instone S., StJohn D. and Grandfield J. (2000) New apparatus for characterizing tensile strength development and hot cracking in the mushy zone, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 12(6), 441-456 [9] Viano D., Stjohn D., Grandfield J. and Cáceres C. (2005) Hot tearing in Aluminium-Copper alloys, Light Metals, Edited by Halvor Kvande TMS (The minerals, Metals and Materials Society) [10] Cao G. and Kou S. (2006) Hot tearing of Ternary Mg-Al-Ca Alloy castings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 37A, 3647 [11] Prokhorov, N.N. (1962) Resistance to hot tearing of cast metals during solidification.
-M. and Gremaud, M. (1999) A new hot tearing criterion, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 30A, 449 [15] Stangeland, A., Mo, A., M'Hamdi, M., Viano, D. and Davidson, C., (2006) Thermal strain in the mushy zone related to hot tearing, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 37A,705 [16] Backerud et al., Solidification Characteristic of Aluminum Alloys, Vol 2, Foundry Alloys, published by AFS Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the member companies of the Advanced Casting Research Center (ACRC) for their support of this work, and for their continued support of research focused on the science and technology of metal casting at Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

Liu et al.[10] using the first principle methods calculated the electronic properties of Cr,Mn doped AlN, they found when introducing Cr,Mn, the AlN materials convert to the half-metal magnetic materials with wide half-metal gap.
With the rise of geographer materials, a lot of kind of graphene materials received widespread attention.
This illustrate the AlN materials shows a half-metal property.
[4] Schubert E F, Kim J K: Science, 2005,308:1274- 1278
[20] Peng Liu, Abir De Sarkar, Rajeev Ahuja: Computational Materials Science 86 (2014) 206-210.

Introduction In recent years, High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HTEM) is one of the best methods for studying material structures.
It can supply massive amounts of information on micro-structures while the appearance of the material can be observed directly With a TEM, the transmission electron beam or the diffraction electron beam can be used separately to form images.
Journal of Central South University of technology, 1999(30)：371-373
Beijing: Science Press, 1990 [13] Jin Kuili chief editor.
Mining Science and Technology, 2010, 20(1): 47-52.

Mixed failure patterns were observed for all materials.
Until the 1980s, bracket which could be bonded directly to a tooth using of the acid-etch bonding systems was developed and reduced requirement of banding.1 This evolution has improved the overall treatment results because it improves esthetics, offers easier plaque removal and easier detection and treatment of dental caries by the practitioner.2 Many materials have been used in orthodontic bonding; however, light-cured systems offer a number of significant advantages in comparison with self-cured materials.
Mixed failure patterns were observed for all materials.
Louis, USA: Elsevier Science; 2005
British Journal of Orthodontics 1975; 2(3):171-78

Acknowledgements This research was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50975209) and Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Project (10dz1202000).
International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2006, Vol. 46(7-8):877-889
Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering, 2004, 23(6):631-633
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2004, 40(2):83-86
Journal of manufacturing science and engineering, 2002, Vol. 124:734-744.

The method combining structure random vibration and reliability theory, probability evaluating construction safety quantitatively is a prosperous reference and direction for the bridge construction assessment. 5 Acknowledgements This research is financially supported Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Office (Grant Nos.11531296) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities National Science Foundation of China (HIT.NSRIF.2012059).
Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2000,35(5):475-479 [2] Ge Yao-jun, Xiang Hai-fan, Ling Ming.
Shanghai Construction Science and Technology, 2004(1): 39-41 [3] Zhou Shu-hua, Liao Hai-li, Zheng shi-xiong.
Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, 1999(80): 383-400 [5] Cao YH, Xiang HF, Zhou Y.
Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2004, 21(1): 50-55 [7] Li Gui-qing, Cao Hong, Li Qiu-sheng.

CHINA RAILWAY SCIENCE, Vol. 28(2) (2007), p. 12-16 [3] JI Da-xue.
JOURNAL OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING SOCIETY, Vol. 10 (2009), p. 59-63 [4] Cao Jian-feng, Wei Kai.
Gansu Science and Technology, Vol. 24(4) (2008), p. 111-113 [5] Wang Qing-guo, Sun Yu-yong.
URBAN MASS TRANSIT, Vol. 3 (2010), p.23-27 [9] China Academy of Railway Sciences.
China Railway Science, Vol. 32 (5) (2011), p.71-77

Material Nanoparticle,NPs.
Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol 3 2014, No. 3, p. 01-10
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 111, 2013, p 128- 138
[8] Bellmann, C., et al., Electrokinetic Investigation of Surfactant Adsorption, Journal of Colloid Interface Science 309, 2007, p 225-230
Khilar, A Review on Experimental Studies of Surfactant Adsorption at The Hydropilic Solid-Water Interface, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 110, 2004, p 75-95.

Introduction Due to their often size-dependent properties, nanoparticles are the subjects of a large number of investigations in materials science.
Especially auspicious material pairs are the ones with the ability to undergo spinodal decomposition.
Materials and Experimental Methods The samples were prepared at 20°C by simultaneous DC magnetron sputtering of 99.99% Ag and 99.99% Cu targets on thin, amorphous carbon film in 0.2 Pa Argon atmosphere.
Surface Science 290 (1993) 345-361
Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 18 (2009) 015012.