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Table.1 Distribution energy with different initial pressure of high pressure chamber during charging Initial air pressure of high pressure chamber(MPa) Effective energy change of high pressure chamber △EH（J） The potential energy change △EP(J) Effective energy change of air spring △EA(J) Energy loss (△EH-△EP-△EA△EH*100％) 0.90 -1176.32 +120.54 +958.29 8.29 0.95 -1312.89 +123.66 +991.95 15.03 1.00 -1490.44 +123.76 +1061.75 20.46 1.05 -1502.64 +117.42 +991.63 26.19 Note：EH—Effective energy of high pressure chamber, EA—Effective energy of air spring; EP—The potential energy of suspension; EL—Effective energy of low pressure chamber.
Table.2 Distribution of energy with different initial pressure of low pressure chamber during discharging Initial air pressure of low pressure chamber(MPa) (MPa) Effective energy change of air spring △EA（J） The potential energy change △EP（J） Effective energy change of low pressure chamber△EL(J) Energy loss (△EA+△EP-△EL△EA+△EP*100％) 0.1 -1156.27 -125.00 +533.27 58.38 0.2 -1157.86 -121.06 +734.79 42.55 0.3 -1165.02 -127.16 +933.05 27.79 0.4 -1226.30 -131.58 +1153.41 15.06 Seen from Table 2: in the process of discharging, the gas energy of air spring and potential energy of suspension mainly is converted to the gas energy of low pressure chamber and other forms of energy (energy loss);and the energy which is collected in the low pressure chamber becomes larger as with the pressure rise of the low pressure chamber, namely, in the process of discharging, the energy consumption decreases with the pressure rise of the low pressure chamber.This part of the energy loss besides consideration
Table.3 Energy loss of closed loop system as well as compared with open loop system Initial air pressure of low pressure chamber (MPa) Effective energy change of high pressure chamber △EH（J） Effective energy change of low pressure chamber △EL(J) Consumed energy by air compressor W(J) Energy loss （W+△EL-△EHW+△EL*100％） Comparator between closed loop and open loop （W(i)Wo*100％） Atmospheric conditions +1774.44 -3868.18 54.13 0.1 +1749.82 -558.55 -3093.96 52.09 79.98 0.2 +1708.63 -736.22 -2687.56 50.10 69.48 0.3 +1774.42 -1139.43 -2208.36 47.00 57.09 0.4 +1735.15 -1556.74 -1583.14 44.74 40.93 Note: Wo—Consumed energy by air compressor that inspiratory pressure is atmospheric pressure; W(i)—Consumed energy by air compressor, which refers to different initial pressure with low pressure chamber; Seen from Table 3: in the process of boosting, the energy consumption decreases with the pressure rise of the low pressure chamber, this part of the energy loss in addition to the gas mixture
References [1]UWE F,WERNER G,DIERK H.et.al.(2004).Closed level control system for a vehicle:US,6685174B2[P].2004 Feb 3
[2]SHUUICHI B,NOBUTAKA O,OSAMU T et.al.Electronic controlled air suspension system:US ,4826141[P].1989 May 2

Constitutive equations for Finite Element simulation Carlo Bruni , Mohamad El Mehtedi DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia c.bruni@univpm.it, elmehtedi@univpm.it Keywords: Mg alloy ZEK 200, constitutive equations, modeling, extrusion processes Abstract.
The obtained results, in terms of the possibility to split the temperature interval into two temperature ranges is in agreement, from the modelling point of view, with that found on the same material by Spigarelli at al.[4] with the Sellars and Tegart based models.
El Mehtedi, M.
El Mehtedi, P.
Shao, The characteristics of plastic flow and a physically-based model for 3003 Al-Mn alloy upon a wide range of strain rates and temperatures, European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 30 (2011) 54-62

Sun et al. have found that the outer layer of Ti3SiC2 with 7 vol.% TiC after oxidized at 1200 oC in air is TiO2 [6].
El-Raghy, Synthesis and characterization of a remarkable ceramic: Ti3SiC2, J.
El-Raghy, M.W.
Bao, et al.
Yan, In situ reaction synthesis and characterization of Ti3Si(Al)C2/SiC composites, Ceram.

However, Makadir et al [4] used to normalize the damage to characterize an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer plate under uniaxial loading.
The main characteristics of the influence of the notch on the behavior of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, Arid et al. [5] used a standardized formulation for damage on notched flat specimens.
[3] El Ghorba,M.
[8] «ASTM D5766 / D5766M - 11 Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates». [9] Wahid, Ashraf, et al.
[9] Wahid, Achraf, et al.

In particular, passive energy dissipation mechanisms, such as friction damper, metallic damper, fluid viscous damper et al, have been applied in many countries and regions of buildings.
Zhou et al [4] proposed a practical design method for reinforced concrete structures with viscous dampers.
Fig. 1 Finite element model of frame-shear wall According to the code for seismic design of buildings, the El Centro ground motion record is selected in the numerical analysis.
The time history of El Centro ground motion is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2 Earthquake record Fig. 3 Maximum inter story drift ratio without dampers Figure 4 shows the maximum inter- story drifts and shear forces of the structure with fluid viscous dampers under El Centro earthquake.

Both of the two methods used Al4C3, instead of Al as aluminum source.
The melting temperature of B2O3 (460°C) is lower than that of Al (660°C), which can form a liquid circumstance before Al is melted.
B2O3 can form a liquid circumstance before Al is melted, therefore, the addition of B2O3 were considered as weakening the thermal explosion reaction in the mixture of elemental Ti, Al, and active carbon and increasing the purity of Ti3AlC2 in addition.
El-Raghy: Scripta Mater.
El-Raghy and M.W.

Furukawa, et al.
Zhu, Zenji Horita, et al.
Safarov, et al.
El-Danaf, M.
El-Rayes.

Development of Armor High Strength Steel (HSS) Martensitic Plates for Troops Carriers Taher El-Bitar1, Eman El-Shenawy1, *, Maha El-Meligy1, Almosilhy Almosilhy1 and Nader Dawood2 1Plastic Deformation Department, Central Metallurgical R&D Institute (CMRDI), Egypt 2Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University Keywords: Armor High strength steel (HSS); Critical transformation temperatures (CTTs); Austentizing & water quenching; Tempering; martensitic structure; ballistic shooting.
Jena et. al, [1] studied the effect of heat treatment on mechanical and ballistic properties of a high strength armor steel.
Table I Final chemical composition of the processed steel Element C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Al Cu B wt% 0.3 0.24 1.11 0.010 0.009 0.93 0.62 1.76 0.034 0.07 0.004 Polymorphic and allotropic transformations temperatures of the steel were detected by using the thermo-mechanical simulator (Gleeble 3500) using heating up to 1100 °C at a rate 0.45 °C/s and free cooling with a rate – 1.0 °C/s.
El Mahallawi, Thermomechanical processing of 42CrMoS4 steel, International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, 2010, Vol 4, No 2, 87.

El-Didamony, A.M.
El-Aleem, Cem.
El-Didamony, Kh.A.
El-Roudi, M.A.
Abd-El-Hamed, Int.

Meng-Hao Tsai, et al [6] conducted a shaking table test of a scaled bridge model to verify the effectiveness of the rolling-type bearing as a seismic isolation device.
The chosen recorded waves are El-centro and Chichi waves which meet the requirements for nonlinear time history seismic analysis under II site condition while the chosen artificial wave is transformed from the response spectrum in the code.
Subsequently the seismic performance of piers and bearings are compared between case1 and case2. 3.1 Seismic performance of piers Simulation results show that the seismic response of the bridge is the largest under El-Centro earthquake input; therefore, Fig.7 shows the moment and the rotation angle of piers under longitudinal and transversal El-centro excitations for both case1 and case 2.
The maximum value appears in the sliding bearing upon abutment A-2 under El-centro excitation with a value of 124.7mm therefore the suggested longitudinal designed displacement for the sliding HDR bearings is ±150mm.
Mitamura, et al.