Search results

The conversion of clay minerals to zeolite has been investigated by several authors who have used kaolin as a source of Si and Al to obtain them [9-11].
In this work, zeolitic materials were synthesized from a calcined kaolin waste, evaluating the effects time-temperature of crystallization, and the molar ratios Na/Al and Si/Al in the synthesis reactions.
Materials and methods Kaolin waste from an industry located in the Pará State (Amazon region) was used as the primary source of Si and Al.
El-Maksoud and S.T.
El-Wakeel: Desalination Vol. 258 (2010), p. 34-40

On the basis of earlier work by Omar et al
El-Shennavi and A.R.
El-Ghannam: J.
El-Shennavi, E.M.A.

R.Sam Sukumar et al., (2013) reported on modeling and analysis of heat sink with rectangular fins having through holes that interrupted rectangular fins with holes having better performance in reducing the junction temperature and weight reduction than continuous and interrupted rectangular fins [1].
Mohsin A.Ali et al., (2014) reported on design modifications and analysis of two wheeler cooling fins that for better heat transfer, design of heat sink plays an important role and also by reducing the thickness of the fins, heat transfer increases for high speed vehicles and by increasing the fluid velocity, the heat transfer coefficient can be increased.
Arularasan R et al., (2008) reported on CFD analysis in a heat sink for cooling of electronic devices that by minimized the number of fins, increased the fin pitches and the air velocity for reducing the thermal resistance and pressure drop.
Lakshmi Anusha et al., (2014) reported on CFD analysis of splayed pin fin heat sink using advanced composite materials that the splayed fins are more capable for the sense of L-junction temperature and also the system’s total weight has been reduced by using the sophisticated materials like Polyphenylene Sulphide (PPS), Carbon Foam and Graphite Epoxy [4].
EL 1 EW 1 FP 4 EL EW FP 3 (a) (b) Fig. 1: Represent the two different ERF heat sink Fig.1.a, consist of aspect ratio (Extruded fin Length (EL) / Extruded fin Width (EW)) is 8 and fin pitch (FP 3) is 0.0026m and Fig.1.b, consist of aspect ratio (EL 1/ EW 1) is 3.5 and fin pitch (FP 4) is 0.0032m.

The definition of an initiated crack is based on the El Haddad et al. length a0, [3].
This method was successfully applied before by Cook et al. [5].
As proposed by Cameron and Smith, the initial crack size is defined by the Ed Haddad et al. length, [3], whose value is a0=0.0171mm for the material studied.
The criterion for crack arrest is defined by the J integral value taken at the El Haddad et al., distance [3].
El Haddad, T.H.

The Cold Rolling Effects on the Microstructure and Micro-Hardness of Al-Mg-Si Alloy Hichem FARH1,2*, Hanna BELGHIT1, Toufik ZIAR1,2, Abdelouahab NOUA2 and Fares Serradj3 1Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Tebessa 12002, Algeria 2Laboratoire des Composants actif et Matériaux, Oum el Bouaghi, Algeria 3Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Guelma, Algeria KEYWORDS: AL-MG-SI ALLOYS, DEFORMATION RATIO, ARTIFICIAL AGEING, PRECIPITATION ABSTRACT.
The mechanical properties of the Al-Mg-Si alloys are mostly contributed to the metastable precipitate phases formed during artificial aging.
The chemical compositions of the alloys are given in table 1 Table 1 Chemical composition of Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy (mass fraction, %) Mg Si Cu Fe Mn Cr Zn Ti B 0.49 0.37 0.10 0.17 0.03 0.001 0.003 0.010 0.001 The as-cast Al-Mg-Si alloy was heat treated for 5 hours at 530°C and water quenched.
This result is in good agreement with the results obtained by Wang et al. [17].
Loudjani, A.L.

Table.1 Distribution energy with different initial pressure of high pressure chamber during charging Initial air pressure of high pressure chamber(MPa) Effective energy change of high pressure chamber △EH（J） The potential energy change △EP(J) Effective energy change of air spring △EA(J) Energy loss (△EH-△EP-△EA△EH*100％) 0.90 -1176.32 +120.54 +958.29 8.29 0.95 -1312.89 +123.66 +991.95 15.03 1.00 -1490.44 +123.76 +1061.75 20.46 1.05 -1502.64 +117.42 +991.63 26.19 Note：EH—Effective energy of high pressure chamber, EA—Effective energy of air spring; EP—The potential energy of suspension; EL—Effective energy of low pressure chamber.
Table.2 Distribution of energy with different initial pressure of low pressure chamber during discharging Initial air pressure of low pressure chamber(MPa) (MPa) Effective energy change of air spring △EA（J） The potential energy change △EP（J） Effective energy change of low pressure chamber△EL(J) Energy loss (△EA+△EP-△EL△EA+△EP*100％) 0.1 -1156.27 -125.00 +533.27 58.38 0.2 -1157.86 -121.06 +734.79 42.55 0.3 -1165.02 -127.16 +933.05 27.79 0.4 -1226.30 -131.58 +1153.41 15.06 Seen from Table 2: in the process of discharging, the gas energy of air spring and potential energy of suspension mainly is converted to the gas energy of low pressure chamber and other forms of energy (energy loss);and the energy which is collected in the low pressure chamber becomes larger as with the pressure rise of the low pressure chamber, namely, in the process of discharging, the energy consumption decreases with the pressure rise of the low pressure chamber.This part of the energy loss besides consideration
Table.3 Energy loss of closed loop system as well as compared with open loop system Initial air pressure of low pressure chamber (MPa) Effective energy change of high pressure chamber △EH（J） Effective energy change of low pressure chamber △EL(J) Consumed energy by air compressor W(J) Energy loss （W+△EL-△EHW+△EL*100％） Comparator between closed loop and open loop （W(i)Wo*100％） Atmospheric conditions +1774.44 -3868.18 54.13 0.1 +1749.82 -558.55 -3093.96 52.09 79.98 0.2 +1708.63 -736.22 -2687.56 50.10 69.48 0.3 +1774.42 -1139.43 -2208.36 47.00 57.09 0.4 +1735.15 -1556.74 -1583.14 44.74 40.93 Note: Wo—Consumed energy by air compressor that inspiratory pressure is atmospheric pressure; W(i)—Consumed energy by air compressor, which refers to different initial pressure with low pressure chamber; Seen from Table 3: in the process of boosting, the energy consumption decreases with the pressure rise of the low pressure chamber, this part of the energy loss in addition to the gas mixture
References [1]UWE F,WERNER G,DIERK H.et.al.(2004).Closed level control system for a vehicle:US,6685174B2[P].2004 Feb 3
[2]SHUUICHI B,NOBUTAKA O,OSAMU T et.al.Electronic controlled air suspension system:US ,4826141[P].1989 May 2

However, Makadir et al [4] used to normalize the damage to characterize an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer plate under uniaxial loading.
The main characteristics of the influence of the notch on the behavior of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, Arid et al. [5] used a standardized formulation for damage on notched flat specimens.
[3] El Ghorba,M.
[8] «ASTM D5766 / D5766M - 11 Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates». [9] Wahid, Ashraf, et al.
[9] Wahid, Achraf, et al.

Lodini 4,f 1 WFiIS, AGH - University of Science and Technology, al.
This creates the elastic energy: )()()(S 2 1 )(E kl ij ijkl el ggg g σσ = (3) where Sijkl is the elastic compliance tensor.
Instead of Eq.3, let us take an approximated form for the elastic energy: G2 1 E 2 eq el σ ≅ (where eqσ is Von Mises equivalent stress).
In conclusion, we can say that both stored energies (E dis and E el ) play role in recrystallization process.
Minima of predicted stored energy connected with the second order incompatibility stresses - E el (grey zones).

M.El-Gallab and Sklad [12] established a practical three-dimensional tool model to forecast tool suffered stress, temperature and wear of cutting SiCp/Al.
[2] Daoud A and Abou El-kahir MT.
[12] El-Gallab M and Sklad M (1998) Machining of Al/SiC particulate metal-matrix composites Part II: Workpiece surface integrity [J].
Kannan, et al. (2004).
[14] El-Gallab, M. and M.

Both of the two methods used Al4C3, instead of Al as aluminum source.
The melting temperature of B2O3 (460°C) is lower than that of Al (660°C), which can form a liquid circumstance before Al is melted.
B2O3 can form a liquid circumstance before Al is melted, therefore, the addition of B2O3 were considered as weakening the thermal explosion reaction in the mixture of elemental Ti, Al, and active carbon and increasing the purity of Ti3AlC2 in addition.
El-Raghy: Scripta Mater.
El-Raghy and M.W.