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Some of them expresses a law of mixtures; A few of depends on theory of elasticity; and some try to adjust mathematical equation to the experimental data by reasonably selecting the current constants in the expressions [11,12].
The numerical data of FE modeling shows that the filler geometry of the 2-D model has a small effect on thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion results are averaged and plotted with respect to volume fraction and the linear best fit is added to the data point.
(b) Averaged data of relative expansion versus volume fraction.
The FE model predicts that filler material influences more and there is a slight reduction in thermal expansion.

Shiers (1999) analyses the energy costs of 14 BREEAM-certified buildings by comparing data on energy costs of green buildings to conventional buildings.
Results show reductions in energy use, and savings ranging between 6% and 30% [7].
If the company trade their carbon dioxide emission reduction index in the carbon trading market, the carbon trading income also brings additional benefits to company.
Actually, analyzing the costs-benefits of green building is a more complex process; one important drawback for the study was the lack of data.
For the statistical analyses and to reduce the variance of data, more detailed data collection is very important for similar studies.

From the calculated band structure and density of states, the bandgap reduction is observed due to the presence of the N-2p states in the top of valence bands, which leads to red-shift.
The obtained equilibrium structures are a=5.7898 Å, b=5.9118 Å, c=8.2399 Å and α=β=γ=90°, coinciding with the calculated values (a=5.6887 Å, b=5.7016 Å, c=8.0455 Å [15]) and experiments data (a=5.7516(6) Å, b=5.7646(5) Å, c=8.1344(9) Å [6], a=5.79 Å, b=5.85 Å, c=8.24 Å [7]).
The calculated band gap of the N-doped orthorhombic SrHfO3 is 3.08 eV, which is smaller than the calculated value 4.13 eV [14] (undoped) and experimental data of 6.1 eV (undoped) [3].
This is attributed to the following two reasons: (1) compared with experimental data, the small band gap is ascribed the well-known underestimation of conduction band state energies in ab initio calculations which are performed within DFT; (2) compared with the calculated values, the relativelly small band gap is ascribed the presence of the N-2p energy level in the top of the valence bands shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
It can be seen that a bandgap reduction is obvious, which indicates a red shift of the optical absorption edge of N-doped orthorhombic SrHfO3 used for lower energy absorption applications.

Our data confirms that the polyaniline is confined within MIL structure so the size of the conducting phase is limited to an order of several nanometers.
The gas adsorption data and the pore size distribution analysis also confirm that the polyaniline in the composite sample is entrapped inside the MIL pores as we found the noticeable reduction of the pores sizes after the aniline polymerization, compared to the starting MIL-101 compound.
The straight lines show the approximation of the experimental data by equation (3) for (a) and by equation (2) for (b).
The straight lines show the approximation of the experimental data by equation (3) for (a) and by equation (2) for (b).
This influence is manifested as a reduction of conducting phase sizes of polyaniline in matrix MIL-101.

The measured room temperature volume resistivity data for the HDPE/CB/c-MWNT composites are given in Table 1.
Data obtained from DSC curves and electrical resistivity for HDPE/CB/c-MWNT composites.
This interpretation is consistent with the other experimental results, such as the DSC and electrical resistivity data.
The free volume data further suggest that the microstructural properties correlate with the macro-characteristics of the nanocomposites.
Change in DSC and resistivity data for HDPE/CB (75/25) composites with c-MWNT concentration.

So the energy-saving work of office buildings and large public buildings has become an important content of the energy-saving emission reduction work in the field of construction.
The central and local government attaches great importance to this work, a comprehensive energy reduction program and the points of energy-saving emission reduction which The State Council issued are put forward to make clear a requirement.
Building the energy-saving regulatory system Shenyang doesn’t have the elaborate statistical data about energy consumption, so we should launch related works about energy-saving regulatory system in governmental organization office buildings and large-scale public buildings.
The main work contents includes the following aspects: the fundamental information about covered area, functions, contracture style, the amount of energy consumption every year; the energy audit of important energy consumption organization; the publicity result of energy consumption statistical data and the audit results; the detection platform of the important buildings' energy-consumption.
Strengthening the construction of system Shenyang should base on the energy consumption statistical data of governmental organization office buildings and large-scale public buildings, data acquisition standards about energy consumption> and to investigate the present existing buildings situation in Shenyang.

In this work, we provide data elucidating the effect of thermal treatments in a NO atmosphere on the characteristics of the dielectric film and of the interfacial layer in dielectric films / SiC structures using high-frequency capacitance-voltage measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectometry techniques.
Symbols represent experimental data and curves correspond to fitting components and their sum.
Symbols represent experimental data and curves correspond to fitting components and their sum.
Data were simulated [10] based on XPS results: a top layer of SiO2 in the case of the O2-route and a top layer of SiO2 with N incorporated in different amounts, in the cases of NO- and O2/NO-routes, besides an interlayer of SiOxCy on SiC.
The thinnest interfacial layer was observed for the NO sample which exhibited the smallest flatband-voltage shift, while the O2/NO sample exhibited a less pronounced reduction in the interfacial layer and a moderate flatband-voltage shift.

The defect reduction observed is evidence that the intent of the high temperature C-process anneal came to fruition.
A potential issue with the DLTS data is that less than one-half of the bandgap is surveyed with the n-type samples and the temperature range employed.
The data revealed a diffusion length of 65 µm.
By evaluating the derivative of the IV data, 300 400 500 600 700 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 C-Process B-Process A-Process DLTS signal (pF) Temperature (K) Figure 2 - DLTS measurements on A-process, B-process, and C-process samples shown with a rate window of 10 ms.
This device data is consistent with our conclusion that that the observed MPCD decay times in C-process material are attributable to SRH recombination.

Orientation distribution functions for copper cold rolled to the reduction of 70% (a) and ferritic steel cold rolled to the reduction of 96 % (b).
The 11F vs. sin2 ψ graphs for cold rolled copper (reduction of 70%) and cold rolled ferritic steel (reduction of 95%), calculated using orientation distribution functions presented in Fig.4.
Experimental and theoretical 11F vs. sin2 ψ graphs for cold rolled ferritic steel (reduction of 95%, see Fig. 4b).
In Fig.6 the classical models (Reuss and Voigt) and the self-consistent approaches (for free surface and interior) are compared with the experimental data.
The latter results are very close to the diffraction elastic constants predicted by Reuss model, which also agree with the experimental data.

Midship Section Optimization of Hatchcoverless Container Ship based on Real-Coded Micro-Genetic Algorithm Yunyoung KIM 1, Ki-Sung KIM 2 and Je-Woong PARK3 1 Department of Marine Systems Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, JAPAN 2 Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University 253, Younghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, KOREA 3 Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chosun University 375, Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, KOREA 1 yykim@fatigue.nams.kyushu-u.ac.jp, 2kisung@inha.ac.kr, 3jwpark@chosun.ac.kr Keywords: Real-coded micro-genetic algorithm, Binary-coded genetic algorithm, Continuous search spaces, Midship section design, Scantling reduction factor.
(5) Initial BF and DF , which are the local reduction factors to determine all scantlings of midship section members, are randomly assumed.
Optimum Results Yes No Assume Initial Design Variables Initial Scantling Reduction Factors (FB & FD) Determine Plate Thickness Determine Scantlings of Longitudinal Members Calculate FB & FD Satisfy Hull Sectional Modulus ?
Yes No Yes No Real- coded Micro- Genetic Algorithm Optimum Design Variables Assume Initial Design Variables Initial Scantling Reduction Factors (FB & FD) Determine Plate Thickness Determine Scantlings of Longitudinal Members Calculate FB & FD Satisfy Hull Sectional Modulus ?
Michalewicz, Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs, extended edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994 [6] K.