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Because there are a large number of scattered distribution of micro-cracks in the ice materials, which cause fracture damage on ice.
Understand the fracture process can be expressed the causal relationship of ice materials broken in loads.
Toughness test methods based on energy balance theory In the study it is very difficult to calculate directly the cemented force of ice materials in the fracture process, but it is relatively easy to consider from the view of energy[5-7].
Cold Regions Science and Technology,11.006:1-8, (2010)
The Test and Mechan ism Investigation on Ductilebr ittle Transition of Sea Ice. submitted to journal of basic science and engineering, Vol. 13, pp 35-42, (2005).

The printing process by itself is defined by many parameters such as equipment, setting, materials and environment.
Rheology is defined as the study of flow and deformation of materials.
References [1] Wong C.P. and Yi Li, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 51, 1-35 (2006)
[4] Durairaj, R., Mallik, S., Seman, A., Marks, A., and Ekere, N.N., Journal of Materials and Processing Technology, 209, 3923 (2009)
[9] Durairaj, R., Mallik, S., Seman, A., Marks, A., and Ekere, N.N., Journal of Materials and Design, 30, 3812 (2009)

Introduction Nowadays, material tests are mostly undertaken using machines which apply load and strain in tension, torsion, compression, shear or bending to material specimens or to whole manufactured components[1].
Material testing machines are mostly designed in uniaxial form[2].
For most of material testing machine, the accuracy may become a critical issue[6].
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012ZX04010-021) and Basic Scientific Research Funds of Beihang University (501LKGY2012107010) for financial support.
Tokuda: Journal of Biomechanics, Vol.39 (2006),p.104

Study and Application on Quick Repair Materials for Concrete Pavement Ling Wang1,a, Fan Li1, Wenling Tian1 ，Pei Chen1 1Civil Engineering College, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin City, 300130 , China a Wlark@sina.com Keywords: Quick Repair Materials, Freezing Destroy, Polymer, Mechanical Property,Durability Abstract.
Raw materials and the ratio The technical nature of raw materials.
The impermeability test result of PMCM 1 Materials Items Ordinary Cement Mortar[mm] PMCM 1[mm] High seepage 48 0 Relative percentage 100 0 The frost-resisting of PMCM 1 was studied by frost-melt cycle test.
References [1] ZHOU liuguang: Sichuan Building Science vol.8(2006), P. 68~69.
In Chinese [2] YIN Jian: CHINA RAILWAY SCIENCE vol. 3(2005), P. 136~138 .In Chinese [3] TANG Min-hui: JOURNAL OF HARBIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY vol. 6(2003), p. 764~765.

Knowing that for practical applications, thermoelectric (TE) materials must have S ≥ 200 μV/K [28], which suggests zinc antimonide as a good material.
Okamura et al, « Preparation of single-phase ZnSb thermoelectric materials using a mechanical grinding process », Materials transactions, vol. 51, p. 860‑862, 2010
Niedziolka et al, « Influence of the Exchange–Correlation Functional on the Electronic Properties of ZnSb as a Promising Thermoelectric Material », Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 44, p. 1540‑1546, 2015
Wood, « Materials for thermoelectric energy conversion », Reports on progress in physics, vol. 51, p. 459, 1988
Zheng, « Recent advances on thermoelectric materials », Front.

In table 1, and are damage parameters that control postfailure stress-strain relations of materials in tension and compression. , and are the quasistatic strengths under uniaxial compression, uniaxial tension and hydro-tension, respectively.
Meng: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2002.
Meng: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences.
Hao: International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol36 (2009), p 522 [10] X.Y.Wei and M.G.Stewart: International Journal of Impact Engineering.
Weggel: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 22(2008), p92

WANG: TRANSACTIONS OF MATERIALS AND HEAT TREAMENT, 2005, 26(3): 96-99
[10] Rodrigues P C M, Pereloma E V, Santos D B: Materials Science and Engineering, 2000, 283A: 136-143
[11] Andrzej K Lis: Journal of Material Processing Technology, 2000, 106: 212-218
ZHAO: Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2003, 24(9): 817-819
Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2008, 15(6): 747-752

AISI D2 tool steel and copper were the materials of choice for the workpiece and tool, respectively.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2013. 213(7): p. 1076-1087
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008. 195(1-3): p. 160-170
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2012. 43(5): p. 1138-1148
Wright, The science and engineering of materials.

The Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Effect in (1-x)KNbO3-xBaGeO3 Based Ceramics Xu Tie-zhu, aZhu Xing-wen, Gong Min, Wang Sheng-wei, Jiang Wen-zhong, Zhou Xiao School of Materials Science and Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai(200072), China axingwenzhu@shu.edu.cn Keywords: lead-free; PTCR; (1-x)KNbO3-xBaGeO3; phase transition point Abstract. (1-x)KNbO3-xBaGeO3 based PTCR ceramic materials are prepared using high purity K2CO3, Nb2O5, GeO2, Al2O3 and BaCO3 powders as starting materials, and the structural and electrical properties have been investigated.
However ,BT-BNT based PTCR ceramic materials are encountering some problems in the practical use.
It is interesting that for the Ba doped sample the resistivity anomaly is almost same as that of the BaTiO3 based PTCR materials, moreover, the temperature coefficient αk (over 20%) is bigger than that of most PTCR materials in used.
The mechanism of the PTCR effect in this materials seems different from the Heywang Model.
Chan: Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 80[7] (2005), p. 1531-1534 [4] Gomah-Pettry, Jean-Richard, Senda Said, Pascal Marchet and Jean-Pierre Mercurio, “Sodium- bismuth titanate based lead-free ferroelectric materials”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 24, issue 6, 1165-1169, 2004 [5] Hiroaki Takeda, Wataru Aoto and Tadashi Shiosaki: Applied Physics Letters, 87[10] (2005), p. 102-104 [6] F.Jona and G.

Test methods and results of solid propellant and other viscoelastic materials 1.1.
It is used in nonmetallic materials for long time of viscoelastic Poisson ratio measurement.
Scientists do lots of viscoelastic materials’ Poisson's ratio tests, but the test of solid propellant is few.
M.: submitted to Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials (2003) [15] Kostopoulos V. and Korontzis D.
T.: submitted to Composites Science and Technology (2003)