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A STUDY OF N-ISOPROPYL ACRYLAMIDE (NIPAM)-BASED POLYMER GEL DOSIMETER BY USING RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Mohd Zulfadli Adenan1,2,a, Mansor Ahmad3,b, Noramaliza Mohd Noor4,c, Elias Saion1,d 1,2Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Medical Imaging, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia aibnu_soleh83@yahoo.com, bmansorahmad@science.upm.edu.my, cnoramaliza@upm.edu.my delias@science.upm.edu.my Keywords: Polymer gel, Radiation dosimeter, Radiation therapy, Raman spectroscopy Abstract: Polymer gel is a kind of radiation dosimetry system that has been applied widely in radiotherapy treatment.
Materials and methods a) NIPAM polymer gel preparation for Raman spectroscopy analysis Polymer gel dosimeters were manufactured under normal atmospheric conditions in the laboratory without using of a glove box based on Fong et. al. [5, 6] and basically following the method experimented by Senden et. al. [1, 7].
Then, the polymer gel dosimeters were irradiated with gamma rays produced by Cobalt-60 (Co60) element from Gamma Cell Instrument, model 220 Excel Irradiator (MDS Nordion, Ottawa, ON, Canada) (Faculty of Nuclear Science, National University of Malaysia).
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2011. 290(1): p. 141-148

The amount of nitrogen concentration absorbed in the material is highly determined by the alloy element found in the material, especially iron and chromium element.
Computer Based Simulation of High Temperatur Corrosion Phenomena, Journal Brazil Chemical, Soc. vol.19 no.1 São Paulo  [3] Widi K.
The effect of Chemical Compositions of Tool Steel On TheLevel of White Layers Homogeneity and The Surface Hardness, International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing, Vol I No 2 [4] Mittemeijer E.
Nitriding redistribution in γ´ε iron nitrida compound layer upon annealing, Scripta Materialia 48, 1643–1648, Science direct, Elsevier, Pergamon [9] Pye D., 2003.
Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburising, Materials Park, ASM International [10] Widi K.

Stress distributions and their generation mechanisms in a hetero-epitaxy SOS thin film system are complicated because of the single crystal anisotropy of the materials, their differences in thermal expansion properties and lattice mismatch.
Hughes [4] theoretically estimated the residual stress induced by differences of thermal expansion coefficients between silicon and sapphire materials, and correlated it with the piezoresistanceeffects.
However, in single crystal materials, the measuring directions are limited by the crystallographic orientations of (h k l) planes that can contribute to diffraction; thus 3-axes sample alignments are required to adjust the measured (hkl) plane in the most exact diffraction condition.
Misawa: The Journal of Society of Material Science, Japan Vol.49 (5) (2000), p.534 [12] H.Suzuki, K.Akita and H.Misawa: Jpn.J.
Yang: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol.449 (2008), p.56 [18] G.C.A.M.

Structure, electrical, optical and magnetic properties of Mn-doped copper nitride thin films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering JianBo Yang 1,a, XiaoFeng Li 1, XingAo Li 2,b, JianPing Yang 2, Tao Yang 2, MinFen Gu 3 1School of Optoelectronics Engineering，Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 2 Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT); 3Analytical & Testing Center of Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046，China.
Moreno-Armenta et al. [4] has explained that copper nitride is an indirect semiconducting material with a band gap close to 0.25 eV.
X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that all these materials are composed of copper nitride crystallites with anti-ReO3 structure, which exhibiting preferential orientation of the (111) direction and the crystal growth of the Mn-doped copper nitride films were influenced heavily by manganese elements.
First principles study of 3d transition metal doped Cu3N, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 324(19)(2012) 3138–3143 [12] XingAo Li, ZuLi Liu, ZuoBin Yuan, et al.
Insertion of Zn atoms into Cu3N lattice: Structural distortion and modification of electronic properties, Journal of Crystal Growth.321(2011) 157-161.

Rutherford: SPIE Proceedings on Smart Structures and Materials Vol. 2444 (1995) p. 212 [6] A.K.
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[12] ASTM: Standard guide for determining the reproducibility of acoustic emission sensor response, American Society for Testing and Materials Vol. 976 (1994)
Breckenbridge: Materials Evaluation Vol. 39 (1979) p. 60 [14] RUMUL, http://www.rumul.ch, (2003) [15] W.H.

Therefore, it is necessary to machine these materials using adequate cooling and lubricating solutions.
Introduction Hastelloy falls under the category of superalloy that is characterized as difficult-to-cut materials.
Journal of Cleaner Production 373 (2022): 133928
Materials, 15(15), 5451
Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122185.

Duplication error and repeated error analysis of micro-hole array fabrication by EMM Ying Liu1, Weiliang Zeng1,a, Zhenlong Wang1,2 1 Information Science Department, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China 2 School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China a zengwl1002@126.com Keywords: micro-hole array, EMM, duplication error, repeated error, machining gap Abstract.
Introduction In recent years, with the development of modern science toward miniaturization, the role of micromachining technology is also increasingly important.
Non-traditional machining (NTM) is the foreland of machine manufacture for its property of processing without macro-forces, so it develop rapidly and applicate more and more widely, especially in hard machining materials, complex shape, and thin wall parts[1].
The size of the gap influences the material elimination of workpiece greatly.
Munda: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.140 (2003),pp.287

Müller2 1 College of Materials Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, P.
This technology combines the advantages of standard silicon wafer-based technology, namely ruggedness, durability, good electronic properties and environmental soundness with the advantages of thin-films, specifically low material use, large monolithic construction and a desirable glass substrate configuration.
Lee, and et al, Solar Cells and Solar Energy Materials. 80 (2004) 220-225 [3] B.
Yang, Journal of Rare Earths. 23 (2005) 228-230 [4] A.
Schmid-Fetzer, Materials Science and Engineering, B34 (1995) 224-228 [8] M.

Material property, module of elasticity E=210GPa, Poisson's ratio mu=0.3.
Acknowledgment This work is supported by the Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials Foundation under Grant 50375091 and the Science & Technology Research Foundation for Key Program of Ministry of Education of China.
Mukha: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tech.
Erzincanli: Materials and Design, Vol. 28 (Feb, 2007), p.441 [5] H.N.
(in Chinese) [7] Liu WZ, Guo BD, Li Q, Li WG: Journal of inner hongolia polytechnic university Vol. 22 (Jan. 2003), p.67

Journal Citation (to be inserted by the publisher) Copyright by Trans Tech Publications Polymer- stabilized Co Nanocrystals.
O'Connor1 , Vladimir Golub 1 , Cuiying Wang 1 , Moo-Jin Jun 3 1 Advanced Materials Research Institute, University of New Orleans New Orleans, LA70148, USA 2 Nano-Material Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology P.O box131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea 3 Department of chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Keywords: Thermal-decomposition, Polymer-stabilized Co Nanocrystals, Seed-mediated methods.
Introduction Nanostructured transition metal crystals are excellent samples of advanced materials.
Cobalt octacarbonyl was purchased from Gelest, poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP, Mw ≈ 2500) from Polysciences, trioctylphospine (90 %) from Aldrich, and ethylene glycol (98 %) from EM Science.
Granqvist: Handbook of Inorganic Electrochromic Materials (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995)