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And it is proposed that the cation substitution could reduce the number of defects such as oxygen vacancies, which could promote electrical fatigue and leakage current of PZT ferroelectric thin films obviously.
The grain size of PYZT nanopowders is about 40 nm determined by TEM. 1.
And it is proposed that the cation substitution could reduce the number of defects such as oxygen vacancies, which could promote electrical fatigue and leakage current of PZT ferroelectric thin films obviously [9] .
The grain size of PYZTx is about 40nm.
Fig. 6 shows that the grain is spherical and the grain size is around 40nm. 4.

Effect of Dipping Numbers on the Crystalline Phase and Microstructure of Ag-TiO2 Coating A.R.
Film thickness is controlled indirectly by the number of layers [9].
Li et al. [12] reported that the presence of Ag nanoparticle in low concentration after the sintering is due to Ag being concentrated in the grain boundaries of titania particles.
It can also be seen that the surface morphology of the coating is greatly affected by the number of layers.
This could be due to the increment quantity of Degussa P25 as the number of layer increased.

The grain size of pro-eutectoid ferrite was about 5 µm.
Only few ferrite grains were observed after 860° C annealing.
Ferrite grains showed an almost equiaxed shape at a size of about 5µm.
Also, the driving force for grain growth is diminished since grains are curved in only one rather than in two dimension and since grain boundary might suffer pinning at the interfaces between constituents.
Similar as for recrystallization, a number of characteristic features shall be discussed on a more microscopic level.

When the alloys are annealed above 900°C, abnormal grain growth occurs and some grains are larger than 50μm.
After 1h annealing at 1000°C, most of the grains are larger than 50μm.
When it is annealed at 600°C for 1h, fine equiaxed grains replace the deformation structures and large number of grain boundaries form as a result of recovering and recrystallization.
When annealed at higher temperature, the grains continue to grow and grain boundaries reduce.
On the other hand, the grains grow larger at high temperature.

Within the same measurement distance, there is a sharp decrease in the lamella number within same measuring range.
Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a two-phase (α + β) titanium alloy, composed of equiaxed Ti α grains (hcp) surrounded by Ti β grains (fcc), as can be seen in the typical microstructure shown in Fig. 1 (dark grains correspond to Ti α and light grains to β phase).
It can be seen that within the same measurement distance, the number of the lamella structures is different at different cutting speeds.
With the increase in cutting speed, there is a sharp decrease in the lamella number within same measuring range.
With the increase in cutting speed, there is a sharp decrease in the lamella number within same measuring range.

A number of methods of plasma treatment have been proposed including discharges as capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP).
It needs longer cooking time and having a harder texture than white rice; only a considerable number of the population find this palatable.
At least five grains were measured for each sample group.
The riceberry brown rice was treated as a whole grain.
Fig. 4(a) shows the outer surface of rice grain.

The grain size is found to be enhanced continuously from x = 0 to x = 0.1 with fine and more clear grain boundaries and decreased for higher x values.
The quality deposition results only when a number of preparative parameters such as time (80 min), temperature (56o C), pH (11 ± 0.2) and speed of the substrate rotation (70 ± 2 rpm) were optimized as earlier [2,4,6,19-21].
The grain size appeared improved and increased continuously from x = 0 to x = 0.1 with fine and more clear grain boundaries.
In general, it has been seen that there is a significant improvement in the grain structure with a considerable grain boundary improvement for the solid solution regions from (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1).
Scanning electron micrograph analysis showed that there is a significant improvement in the grain structure with a considerable grain boundary improvement for the solid solution regions from (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1).

Table 1 Cooling conditions Sample number Cooling rate After-heat treatment 1 Fast (25 oC/min) x 2 Slow (3 oC/min) x 3 Slow (3 oC/min) 1800 o C, 2h Result and discussion The bulk density of AlN ceramics increased with the increase of the amount of Y2O3.
In fastcooled specimen, the second phases are formed along the AlN grain boundaries.
In the specimen with slow cooling and after-heat treatment for 2h at 1800 oC, the second phases are primarily dispersed at the isolated AlN grain junction.
There is no grain size difference in all cooling condition.
In the case of the fast-cooled and slow cooled specimen, the second phases were formed along grain boundaries, whereas the specimen with slow cooling and after-heat treatment showed the isolated second phases concentrated in triple points of AlN grains.

Introduction Owning to a number of excellent properties, the diamond coating is the most appropriate protective coating for optical windows.
There were two reasons for that[3], first, the location of the measurement was on the grain or in the grain boundary, and the result would be a greater difference; second, there are certain structural defects in the coating itself, which also led to different results.
Therefore, the content of sp3 structure, the composition of the grain boundary and the defects of the grain boundary etc have a major impact on the micro-hardness and elastic modulus.
However, when the gas pressure is too high, the number of gas molecules in the champers will increase.
The grain boundaries also increase.

Compared with the old formula of the synthesis catalyst solvent grain shape has the breakthrough progress.
But will not affect overall catalyst of grain shape.
At this time, even if the catalyst particle is very thick, catalyst can still maintain the good grain shape.
Based on N composite test results catalyst, combined with synthesizing chloromethane catalyst synthesis kettle, Fe catalyst grain shape improved test, and eventually production device to find control Fe catalyst grain shape effective method.
From a large number of small test data, it is known that the solubility temperature is high; the more favorable to the magnesium chloride was dissolved.