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Damage is introduced in the structure as a reduction of elastic modulus in a specific element.
Therefore, represents the extent of stiffness reduction of the th element.
The sampling duration is 36.768s with a sampling rate of 1000Hz in order to have the responses damp down close to zero and the sampled data is long enough to have a power of two for FFT.
The two reconstructed responses match the true responses well and the relative errors in the first second response data of the sensors in the Second-set response vector defined in Eq. (13) are 0.05% and 0.14%, respectively
The response data from sensors in the Second-set within the first 0.5s is used for identification.

Furthermore, the impact on the thermal performance of a typical historic building was examined: the results of the numeric simulation tool were used as input data for energy evaluations based on a simple standard method for deriving energy certificates widely used in Austria [4].
The calculations were based on a climate data file for Vienna, Austria.
Input data for calculation of U-values and Ψ-values of the modeled scenarios (Note that negative Ψ-values were set to zero to avoid inconsistency in heating demand calculation).
VIG-EXT_impr scenario showed maximum reduction in all calculation cases (8.84 % of heating demand reduction in Case_1 building; 14.00 % in Case_3 building).
(Rdc…Reduction in %) Original VIG-EXT VIG-INT VIG-EXT_impr VIG-INT_impr INS-INT Case_1 [kWh.m-2.a-1] 162 148 148 147 148 149 Case_2 218 200 200 198 199 200 Case_3 142 123 123 122 122 124 Rdc_1 reduction in [%] - 8.3 8.3 8.9 8.6 8.0 Rdc_2 - 8.5 8.5 9.0 8.8 8.2 Rdc_3 - 13.1 13.2 14.0 13.7 12.8 4.

Buildings account for one-sixth of global freshwater usage, one-quarter of all wood harvested, and two-fifths of material use, according to data and previous studies [3-6].
The study highlights significant reductions in the decrement factor with increasing thickness and Biot number.
Further, the simulation data indicated that walls constructed with bricks containing more sludge additive exhibited greater time lag and a reduced decrement factor.
Data Availability All relevant data and information supporting the findings of this article are presented within the manuscript.
Detailed descriptions of the data sources, variables, analyses, and results are provided throughout the text.

Formal data must be interpreted according to these terms.
This last will increase on the basis of a linear law, according to which its reduction will occur only in presence of contrasting elements of masonry wall that carry the weight of dome.
It was noticed that all analyzed cases followed this simple rule, according to which: an increase or reduction of springer angle in relation to the planned organization of the structural organism and to the thinness of the structure in elevation; an increase or reduction of springer angle in relation to rise-bay relationship of the covering outline.
Vitale) According to the rule, in gothic structures or with lancet arch we should have a reduction of springer angle for the increase of the underside's form of the arch but, because of the building thinness in elevation of these monumental works, the increase of springer angle results inevitable; that becomes part of the same Pantheon's case history.

It is clear that any move towards industrial sustainability (i.e. lower consumption of energy and raw materials, and reduction or elimination of waste) affects all stages of process technology.
The use of modelling by Artificial Neural Network has been developed on sulphate reduction, which will help predict the influence of operating parameters on the performances of the process.
The finding of micro-organisms thriving at low and high temperature, respectively 8 and 65°C, leads to hope an extension of the application range of the sulphate reduction process.
The work on the use of sulphate reduction for effluent polishing has sufficiently progressed to show that sulphate can be removed at high concentrations, as well as arsenic or selenium.
The most promising combinations process vs. resource will be investigated up to the pilot scale with the double objective of demonstrating the application of the technology and acquiring the data for a pre-feasibility evaluation.

In their pioneering works, Brenner et al. [5], have proposed the first theory called direct mechanism; in which the deposition of Ni-P alloy occurs by a direct electrochemical reduction of nickel and phosphorous ionic species.
The indirect mechanism proposed by Ratzker [6] suggests that the phosphorus oxyacid reduction depends on H+ reduction with the formation of a gaseous intermediate phosphine (PH3), which reacts chemically with Ni2+ ions in the electrolyte to form Ni-P alloys.
The voltammetric response showed a reduction peak related to mass transport in negative scan and the oxidation peak in the positive scan.
The comparison between the experimental data with theoretical current transients by plotting the variations of (i-t2) shows quasi linear variations for all the used potentials.

However, sintering of non-stoichiometric oxides is difficult because reduction of oxides causes volume expansion.
In some non-stoichiometric oxides such as Gd doped CeO2-x, doped LaCrO3, the oxides are fractured by stresses because of changing LP by reduction [4-5].
The first factor is formation of oxygen vacancies, Vo∙∙, by reduction of samples and the second one is thermal expansion of lattice.
By using reported data by Brauer et al. [3], LP of estimated non-stoichiometric CeO2-x at room temperature are 5.450Å and 5.545 Å, respectively.
The amount of LP change, which refers as ∆a, is regarded as strain, strains formed by reduction from room temperature to 800oC, 800 to 1300oC are 0.7% and 1.7%, respectively.

Hence, finding new chalcogenide phase change material with better properties is a key point to cope with the issue of writing current reduction.
After deposition, parts of the films were annealed at 180℃ under nitrogen atmosphere for 10 minutes to make the film crystallized.The in situ exothermal and isothermal sheet resistance changes of GST and Si-GST films were measured with a high temperature probe station and the data was recorded by an Agilent 34401A.
The reduction of resistance shall be attributed to the crystallization of amorphous film since the crystalline film has a much lower resistivity than that of the amorphous film.
Both samples show a distinct resistance reduction after some time of incubation.
Moreover, it shall be noted that the resistance reduction rate of Si-GST is faster than that of GST, suggesting that Si-GST samples require a shorter time to complete the crystallization process at the same annealing temperature.

The elastic properties were evaluated to provide data for finite element modelling (FEM). 2.
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Poisson’s ratio (ʋ) were calculated from the experimental data.
An INSTRON 5585H floor model testing machine with a 200kN load cell was used for the tensile tests and a Vishay System 6000 (Model 6100) Data Logger was used to record the data from the micro-strain gauges.
Volume reduction of void spaces is due to the buckling of parenchyma cells whereas fibre bundles come closer as seen in Figure 8.
A well-known benefit from THM modification is the reduction of the water uptake in timber [12].

A Projected of Cash in-out Flow of SPAM Project capacity of 500 l/second Source: Data Analyses, 2014 Risk analysis quantifies the effects of identified risks on economic parameters.
Investment expenditures by construction plants (Without debt) Source: Data Analyses, 2014 The highest investment cost was to construct pipe transmission lines (Rp. 200.7 billion), and water treatment plant facilities (Rp. 100 billion).
Sensitivity of O&M and the construction investment parameters versus project Source: Data Analyses, 2014.
Source: Data Analyses, 2014 It was identified that project NPV was in the rage of -Rp. 6.68 billion up to Rp. 18.01 billion.
Source: Data Analyses, 2014 The use of the risk analyses within the regional water supply projects in Riau has demonstrated that both financial and technical performances of a project should be put into consideration.