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Despite, many highly valuable compounds, such as chitosan (CS), collagen and hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be found in this marine by products [1].
There were CaO and Ca(OH)2 compounds around 50° where CaO reacts with water molecules to form alkaline calcium hydroxide which also acknowledge as impurity.
Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2013. 21(6): p. 716-722
Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1996. 79(10): p. 2539-2544
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2007. 430(1-2): p. 330-333

The aim of this research work is to study the influence of wear parameters on the adhesive wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs).
In MMCs Aluminium and its alloys are the most frequently used matrix materials due to their low density and moderate strength.
Mostly aluminium and its alloys are reinforced with SiC, B4C, Al2O3, Graphite in order to enhance its wear resistance characteristics ( Ipek (6), Rohatgi et al (7)).
Fly ash is presently used as reinforcement in aluminium alloys for wear resistance applications due to its low cost, low density, increased damping capacity and high abrasion resistance.
Krishna and Jayagopal Uchil, 2001, “A study on damping behaviour of aluminite particulate reinforced ZA-27 alloy metal matrix composites”, Journal of alloys and compound, Vol.314, pp.268-274

Samples of fine compound of Mn-Co ions doped in soda lime silicate glass were synthesized by conventional melt quenching method.
Aral, Optical and thermal properties of P2O5 – Na2O – CaO – Al2O3 : CoO glasses doped with transition metals, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 509 (2011) 4935–4939
Chen, Spectroscopic properties of Co2+ ions in La2O3–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 357 (2011) 3486–3489
Wei, Structural and optical properties of Co-doped ZnO nanocrystallites prepared by a one-step solution route, Journal of Luminescence 132 (2012) 220–225
Chuvaeva, Structural transformations of nanometer sized crystals in CoO-doped b-eucryptite-based glass-ceramics, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 258 (1999) 216-222

The aim of this work is to investigate the structure and properties of the «film (Ti)/(В4С ceramics) substrate» system treated by an intense pulse electron beam.
Surface hardening alloy VT6 by electroexplosion alloying with boron carbide and by electron beam treatment, Metal working. 69 (2015) 102-110
Russian Physics Journal. 5 (2008) 60-70
Russian Physics Journal. 12/3 (2012) 118-122
[15] Xiaoyan Ma, Changrong Li, Zhenmin Du, Weijing Zhang, Thermodynamic assessment of the Ti–B system, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 370 (2004) 149–158.

Further requirements are raw materials that are low cost and available for mass production and the possibility to select from different materials like titanium, nickel, iron and their alloys for the chosen manufacturing route.
All these production methods yield porous titanium and titanium alloys with open porosities of 5-80 vol. % and pore sizes up to 500 μm [ 11 ].
The sintering takes place if the stamp path is stopped and the heating to the aimed sintering temperature is over.
Peters, Titanium and titanium alloys, Fundamentals and applications; Köln, Germany, Wiley-VCH (2003)
Dargush, Titanium sponge as a source of native nuclei in titanium alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 818 (2020) 153352

Effect of Ti on the Corrosion Behaviour of In-Situ Mg2Si Particle Reinforced Al-12Si-20Mg-XTi Alloys H.
Corrosion tests were carried out by immersing the alloys in "30 g/l NaCl+10 ml/l HCl" solution.
Since the intermetallic compound of Mg2Si exhibits low density, low thermal expansion coefficient, high melting temperature, high hardness and elastic modulus, Mg is an attractive alloying element for in-situ reinforcing of Al-Si alloys.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ti addition on corrosion behaviour of Al-12Si -20Mg-XTi alloy.
Experimental The alloys were prepared by melting of Al-12Si which then alloyed with Mg and Ti.

In this study, the main aim was to investigate the effect of different sintering temperatures at constant applied pressure and hold time on microstructures as well as on properties of the copper/diamond composite during SPS process. 1.
[J] Alloys Compd. 2010; 490:453–8
Study on solid-state reactions of nanocrystalline TiAl synthesized by mechanical alloying [J].
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 471(1/2): 93-97
[J] Alloys and Compounds 490 (2010) 453–458

Plasmadynamic synthesis is a similar process to supersonic plasma jet flowing in terms of thermal impact on mineral raw materials for the production of nonmetallic materials that makes possible to produce complex oxide compounds, carbides and other substances.
This choice is due to the fact that raw materials are single-component and have all the necessary oxide compounds with a low content of harmful impurities for the slag base of the fused welding flux.
In addition, it is possible to use argon as a plasma gas instead of air that increases electrode life span and allows alloying of the batch and, thus, helps to produce fused welding fluxes with alloying components.
Further research will be aimed at reducing the formation of agglomerates in the plasma granulation of fused welding fluxes from mineral raw materials.
Kulkov, Mechanical Properties Research of Corundum Ceramics at Change of Porosity and the Crystallites Sizes, Journal of Siberian Federal University.

However, the poor plasticity of magnesium alloys at normal temperature makes the manufacturing cost high and difficult to produce complex structural parts, which cannot meet the demand of the market nowadays[4].
In the paper, different forging processes have been under development aiming at the above defects by means of laminar die filling, solidification under high-pressure and low forming efforts[5-8].
Liquid forging and the two semi-solid process routes, rheological forging and thixotropic forging, may be suitable for the production of thick-walled parts that are also amenable for heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties, especially ductility, of the most commonly used magnesium-aluminium alloys.
The alloy was analyzed by SETRAM differential thermal analyzer.
Lin, Comparison of microstructure, thixoforgability and mechanical properties of high performance wrought magnesium alloys reheated from the as-cast and extruded states, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 584 (2014) 63-75.

The review on effect of a high strain rate on the properties of TiNi-shape memory alloys is presented.
High strain rate loading of TiNi alloys can lead to both an increase in functional properties and their suppression.
International Journal of Solids and Structures. 38 (2001) 8989-8998
Study of reversible shape memory effects in thermally and thermomechanically treated Ti-Ni base alloys.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds. (2011).