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The analysis by TEM, XRD and EDX shows the existence of lath martensite, and on there exits precipitate phase of Ti(O,C, N) in grain boundaries.
For the quasi static tension the initial structure where transversal strain equals to zero is of equiaxed grain with 200 µm of uniform size.
The microstructures are the equiaxed grains of vanadium-base solid solution, and the grain size does not evidently change.
At low strain rate the large numbers of dimples are observed on the fracture surface.
The second phase particles are distributed in grains, and gather on the crystal boundary.

The specific surface area determined by the BET method was 158.061m 2/g and the corresponding average grain size was about 14 nm.
This confirm the hypothesis that maleic anhydride copolymer acted as a grain size modulator for hydroxyl-apatite. 2.
A large number of cells are binucleated, the cytoplasm has a small number of vacuoles and plasma membranes are very well preserved.
On the contrary, cells treated with HAP have lower density, a lower number of binucleated cells and their membranes present blebs.
The SEM analysis, specific surface area measurements and the corresponding average grain sizes values confirm the hypothesis that maleic anhydride copolymer acted as a grain size modulator for hydroxyl-apatite.

Many grains have already collided and formed an irregularly connected network of grains of average grain size 345nm.
The number density of these particles increases with the reactor temperature.
The surface is combined of microcrystalline Si grains growing among amorphous Si tissues; where the microcrystalline grains begin to collect together.
This increased the number or density of vacant sites that were included in the resultant film due to the lack of SiH3 precursors available to take up these sites.
At TS < 250°C a number of strained and broken bonds in amorphous silicon lead to low surface mobility of the reactive radicals at the growth surface.

When the growth rate is V = 30μm/s, the disturbance of the solid-liquid interface increased, distribution of columnar grain cutting-edge components re-adjusted, cellular structure tend to disappear, as shown in Fig.2(c).
When the growth rate reaches 100μm/s, the large number of dendritic branches appeared on both sides, the steady-state microstructures present typical dendrite, and the microstructures are more refined after dendrite tip splitting to adjust spacing.
As can be seen from Fig.3(a), at the growth rate of 2μm/s, the alloy cross-section morphology showed steady-state flat interface structure, and lateral grain boundaries can not be found , in accordance with Fig.3(a).
At the growth rate of 10μm/s, the transverse section morphology showed steady-state cylindrical cellular morphology, which are more uniform and grain number has increased significantly, seen in Fig.3(b).
At the growth rate of 100μm/s, cellular-dendritic morphology changes into a typical dendrite structure, grain size becames uniform and smaller, seen in Fig.3(d).

Further, the power of grain size in the equation was found to be a strong grain-size dependent variable.
The material dependent constants p, q and s describe the powers of strain, strain rate and the grain size, respectively.
The power of grain size was found to be strongly grain size dependent, decreasing nearly asymptotically with the grain size, varying from ∼2.1 at the finest grain size (12 μm) to ∼1.15 at large grain sizes (≈800 μm), in agreement with that suggested by Fernandez et al
Finally, synergistic effects of two or more elements on the moving grain boundaries may influence the SRX kinetics and Qrex.
The power of grain size in the equation was found to depend on the grain size itself.

Metastability is also present in grain-refined materials.
Grain Refinement through Undercooling Since the pioneering work by Walker [xxi] it is well known that the phenomenon of grain refinement occurs if the undercooling passes a certain critical undercooling Liquid metals solidify either into a coarse-grained dendritic microstructure or into a refined equiaxed microstructure [xxii].
A grain refined equiaxed microstructure appears at small undercoolings, which changes at a critical undercooling ∆T*1 to a coarse grained dendritic microstructure.
At the hypercooling ∆Thyp = ∆T*3 there appears a third microstructural transition at which the grain refined equiaxed microstructure changes again to a coarse grained dendritic microstructure at ∆T > ∆T* 3.
According to this model, a grain refined equiaxed microstructure is observed if ∆tbu < ∆tpl, and a coarse grained microstructure if ∆tbu > ∆tpl.

Change rate of enzyme activity /% = ((Measure value – Initial value ) /Initial value)×100% Germination rate/% = (Germination number / total of grain number for test) ×100% Germinating /% = (Germination number within 3days/ total of grain number for test) ×100% Germination index = Gt/Dt, Gt for germination number in t days, Dt for days Vigor index = GiS, Gi for germination index, S for sum the length of bud plus root Results and Discussions Effect of disused battery on wheat germination.
Wheat grains were immersed into the extract of disused battery for 168h in germination bed, for observing swell level of wheat germ every day, and recording the change of germination per 100 wheat grains, the results are shown in Fig. 1, x axis is the extract concentration of disused battery, y axis is the germination rate, and z axis is the wheat culture time.

Lamellar microstructures and fine grains exert a positive influence on hardness.
Laser grain size distribution analysis apparatus (LS230) was applied for grain size distribution test of the experimental powders.
Due to the brittleness of the samples for number 1-3, a load of 2kg was applied for the indentation and the Vickers hardness test of sample 4 was carried out with a load of 5kg.
Micrograph, phase and grain size of powder.
(4) The lamellar microstructures and fine grains exert a strong positive influence on hardness.

Also it was known that polycrystalline with larger grains, have proportionally very few atoms located in triple junctions or grain boundaries.
However, nanostructure led to decreases in the grain size and this, in turn, increases the number of triple junctions and grain boundaries.
For this reason, the number of pits increases, while their size has a tendency to decrease.
Hot pressing at 520°C led to less grain growth and decreasing grain boundaries.
A number of factors affected the corrosion behavior of nanocomposites, including nanocomposite composition, size and distribution of components.

A probable analysis of the grain position in space shows that with its uniform angular turn at a certain angle, different parts of the surface of the abrasive grain have unequal touch probability with rubbing surfaces, as well as different surface tension.
Therefore, the distance between the abrasive grains or their number per unit of the working surface of the lapping tool is an important characteristic and in many respects the determining factor of the cutting ability of the tool.
Position of the abrasive grain in the surface layers of the workpiece and lapping tool or mating surfaces of valves.
Thus, the strength of the abrasive grain is a determining factor in the formation of valves service life [7, 14].
The distance between the abrasive grains or their number per unit of the working surface of the lapping tool is an important characteristic and determining factor of the cutting ability of the tool.