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First experiments have investigated the relation between macroscopic and micro-structural properties of poly-crystalline materials, grain-grain-interactions, re-crystallisation processes, and the development of new and smart materials or processes.
Experiments targeting the industrial user community are based on well established techniques with standardised evaluation, allowing "full service" measurements, as well as automated investigations of large sample numbers, e.g. for texture determination and tomography.
Fig. 5 shows exemplary the first tomogram of HEMS and the first grain map in pre-tests for the mapper instrument.
Fig. 5: First tomogram at HEMS of a Nb3Sn superconductor with scan volume 1 mm3 at 70 keV (left), first centre-of-mass grain map of undeformed Al at 60 keV (right) – 14 cuts á 50 µm, measured with beam size of 0.05 x 1.0 mm2. 128 indexed grains are shown as spheres with diameters reflecting relative volumes and colours corresponding to orientation (position accuracy 30 µm, orientation accuracy 0.15o, relative error of volume 35 %, courtesy J.
Two specialized experiments will allow the detailed characterization of grains, their interaction and their stress and strain states with sub-micrometer resolution, as well as tomographic imaging.

The proportion of grain size d>2mm for gravel sand is about 35%, and its uniformity coefficient and curvature coefficient are 4.3 and 0.7 at average, respectively.
According to the local tests, the best tamping number are eleven to fifteen for one time.
For the convenience comparison of every site, each tamping number is fifteen on unity.
According to the test results, the comparative of DPT number before and after the dynamic compaction is shown as Fig. 1 to Fig. 4, in which N63.5 symbolizes DPT number.
From the tests in field, the results are obtained as follows: 1) The method of dynamic compaction combined with filling replacement is appropriate for the ground whose overlying soft soil thickness is small and requirement of bearing capacity is higher. 2) The effective reinforcement of ground is affected by the thickness of filling replacement, grain size and grain gradation.

The Study of Inhibition of Atom-Atom Collisions Cascades by Ni-Al (100) Interphase Boundary Gennady Poletaev1,a, Darya Novoselova1,a, Mikhail Starostenkov1,b, Vladimir Tsellermaer 2,b, Viktor Kovalenko2,b 1Altai State Technical University, 656038, Lenin st. 46, Barnaul, Russia 2Siberian State Industrial University, 654007, Kirov st. 42, Novokuznetsk, Russia agmpoletaev@mail.ru (corresponding author), bgenphys@mail.ru Keywords: molecular dynamics, grain boundary, twist boundary, grain boundary dislocation, atom-atom collisions cascade, radiation damage.
Introduction At radiation influence there are complex processes of defect formation occur, which appear as a result of various types of radiation damage, the number, size, configuration and positioning of which is determine by the irradiation conditions, structure and properties of the irradiated material.
The question about the role of interfaces (grain boundaries, interphase boundaries) in defect formation during propagation of cascades of atom-atom collisions remains relatively poorly studied.
The number of atoms in the calculation block was about 30000.
Starostenkov, Mechanisms of grain-boundary diffusion in two-dimensional metals, Technical Physics Letters. 31 (2005) 650-652

But in the case when the level of addition is the same, the faster the solidified velocity, the greater the number of equiaxed crystals will be in the ingot microstructure.
With people’s increasingly deeper understanding of the phenomenon of grain refinement, they have put forward many ideas and theories of the mechanism of grain refinement.
The grain refinement mechanism of Al and Al alloy is extremely complicated, and it is also very difficult to fully analyze the refinement process and mechanism of Al-Ti-C toward α-Al.
With the increase of the amount of Al-5Ti-0.6C master alloy addition, the number of columnar crystals in the ingot structure decreases while that of small equiaxed crystals increases.
When the addition amount of Al-5Ti-0.6C master alloy is the same, as the faster the cooling rate of the melt, the more a large number of primary equiaxed crystals formed on the mould wall can be preserved in the melt, the larger the number of equiaxed crystals in the ingot structure will be, and the smaller the crystal particles (see Fig.1 (h), (e ~ g) or Fig.1 (l), (i ~ k)).

Influence of the Grains with Different Metal Phases.
So commonly, the tool tip only engages into a few grains, which is countable, even into one grain in a certain moment, as Fig.2.
After the tool passing, the elastic recover of the grains occur.
(a) (b) (c) (d) Tool tip Grain 1 Grain 2 Ploughing Ploughing Removing Ploughing in Grain1 Ploughing in Grain2 Removing Removed Grain 1 Grain 2 Grain 1 Grain 2 Grain 1 Grain 2 Fig.4 Micro Milling Process Cutting Forces Predication.
And the length numbers also correlate the soft phase grains' average intercept length well.

By controlling pulse number of laser ablation, we prepared a series of quasi-multilayers of YBa2Cu3O7-δ/M (M=incomplete oxide layer) namely 70×(40/n) (n = 2, 5, 10 and 20, pulse number of M) which were characterised with nano-scale precipitates.
It is found recently that Jc in high magnetic fields is mainly limited by the intragrain properties, rather than of grain boundaries. 1 Improving flux pinning within the R123 grains is therefore one area of chief concern for the development of conductor technology. 2-7 Columnar defects produced by irradiation and antiphase boundaries produced by miscut substrates provide extended linear defects as strong artificial pinning centers. 8, 9.
The intensity of both Y2O3 and BaZrO3 clearly increases with the pulse number.
With increasing YSZ pulse number, the intensity of BaZrO3 is obviously enhanced while the c-axis texture of Y123 degrades.
Superconductivity critical temperature v.s dopant pulse numbers.

Grindings require large amount of grinding fluid to be supplied continuously on the cutting region where grains contact to the workpiece.
Because the activated fluid between grains, workpiece and chips efficiently removes cutting heat, wear of cutting edge of grains are decreased. 3.
The vitrified grinding wheel with the Al2O3 grains is used.
When the work piece is shaven by a grain, shaven chip contacts with the constantan wire and thermoelectric is created.
Acknowledgements This research is partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26289014.

In the design, aggregates (12–19), (5–12) and (0 –5) mm grain size and B50/70 bitumen were used.
Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate Experiment Name Test Method Unit Result Spec. 2013 Plasticity Index TS 1900-1 % NP NP Methylene blue TS EN 933-9+A1 MB 1,3 Max.1,5 Dried Grain Density TS EN 1097-6 Mg/m3 2,66 - Apparent Grain Density TS EN 1097-6 Mg/m3 2,79 - Saturated Dry Density TS EN 1097-6 Mg/m3 2,71 - Water Absorption TS EN 1097-6 % 1,7 Max. 2,0 Filler Grain Density TS EN 1097-7 Mg/m3 2,75 - Table 4.
For various numbers of cycles values are given in Table 8-17.
The large number of variables complicates the assessment of the subject.
Stiffness values decrease with increasing number of loading cycles.

Welding parameters and number of pass used to produce multi-pass V-shape welds.
Measuring the temperature change has occurred in the coarse-grain zone of the HAZ.
Fine grains 5c), consists of a mixture of upper and lower bainite and martensite.
Microstructure showing different subzones of the 4 pass V-shape joint: a) weld metal, b) coarse-grained zones, c) fine-grained zones and d) over tempered.
Welded joint configurations with a larger number of passes allows a longer time for hydrogen to diffuse out of the weldment.

The paper used “indentation fracture mechanics model” or “ cutting ” model to deal with the grinding removal mechanism of nanostructured ceramic coatings, the interaction between the abrasive grains and the workpiece was approximately regarded as ideal small-scale indentation phenomenon, it was used to evaluate the surface quality in ceramic machined processing that formation of grinding crack and its propagation process, the material removed process and the surface defects of the ceramic grinding, the cutting model proved that although the removed material is usually brittle removal, most of the grinding energy consumption was related with plastic deformation.
The removal of material , on the one hand is due to the front material of the abrasive particles cutting edge is squeezed while the abrasive particles cutting into the workpiece, when the compressive stress exceeds the limit stress of the ceramic material, it is crushed to form a large amount of debris, on the other hand, due to the pressure stress and friction heat, materials below abrasive grains produce local plastic flow and to form deformation layer, after the abrasive grains across, the stress disappears, which causes the deformable layer is detached from the workpiece and form chips, deformation behavior and crack system of ceramic material under abrasive effection can be illustrated in Figure 1 When the material is precision grinding.
When the cutting depth of the abrasive grains further increase the material of non-elastic deformation region under load will increase the lateral flow, non-elastic region is further expanded. the material of the elastic region will be generate friction stress in the non-elastic region / elastic zone boundary due to the friction effect, friction stress makes the elastic zone boundary materials produce tensile stress, when the tensile stress exceeds the ultimate stress of the material (tensile strength), median / radial cracks will form. it is in the place of the maximum tensile stress or in non-elastic / elastic boundary existing one or a plurality of micro-cracks that produc new microscopic cracks.
Based on the indentation fracture mechanics model, the pressure head ( single grain ) on the stress P exceeds a critical value, can produce the median / radial crack, and remove material bythe brittle mode, the critical load P* is, (1) a is constant (ordinary Vivtorinox indenter a=2/p), h and g is constant(h»1,γ»0.2), Kc is fracture toughness of ceramic materials, H is Vivtorinox hardness.
The study found, from the point of the morphological of debris generated in the ceramic grinding process, material was removed mainly by brittle mode, but the energy consumed by brittle removal mode was insufficient 1% of actual energy consum ratio, on grinded workpiece surface, existed a large number of lines left by abrasive plowing , on both sides of the lines, there were obvious plastic deformation uplift and fragmentation coating material, so it can be concluded that energy is mainly consumed in the plowing of plastic deformation process.