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Aibin Ma et al. reported that the grain or grain fragment size of the Al- 11mass% Si has been refined after only 4 passes.
In spite of a further increase in the number of RD-ECAP passes to 32, the alloy maintained the same grain or grain fragment size of about 200-400nm [9].
Plenty of conherent dimples disperse the fracture surfaces of UFG sample due to the smaller grain size and high volume fraction of grain boundaries.
Since the degree of boundary modification and the fine particles content usually increase with pass number of ECAP, it can be assumed that various materials after grain refinement via ECAP processing might overcome their ductile-to-brittle transition and achieve high low-temperature impact toughness, which unique phenomena should not exist alone in nanostructured Ti and UFG SiCp/ZL108 MMCs.
The incremental value of impact toughness of UFG materials after SPD processing may be related to grains or grain fragment boundary modification.

The drying characteristics study of grain in the high voltage electric field Haili Li, Xu Ji*, Ming Li, Congbing Leng Solar Energy Research Institute, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China * Corresponding author: jixu@ynnu.edu.cn Keywords: electric field drying; electrode form; pin electrode number Abstract: In this paper, the high voltage electric field drying characteristic of corn with different electrode forms and different pin electrode numbers are researched, and compared with rice drying under different pin electrode numbers.
The drying speed of the corn is faster than the rice in the pin-disc electric field drying, and the pin-electrode numbers has much influence on the drying effect, pin electrode number is not the more the better, and there is a best number of pin electrode, in this paper, the best number of electrode is three, however the best pin electrode number is different for different materials.
Introduction Grain is a traditional food of Asian, the traditional drying methods are natural drying and hot air drying, but the natural drying is greatly restricted by climate conditions, and hot air drying is easily damage the quality of grain, and high energy consumption.
The experxment of different pin electrode numbers.
In the pin-disc high voltage electric field drying, pin electrode numbers is not the more the better, however there is an optimal number of pin electrode, but the optimal number of pin electrode is different for different drying materials.

In addition, the solution of strengthening second phase element at the grain boundaries into the grains further reduces hardness in the overheated area.
Unlike the fine acicular ferrite and lower bainite in the as-received material, a large number of massive ferrite is formed in the incompletely recrystallized area after welding, which weakens the effect of fine grain strengthening.
This can be attributed to the complete recrystallization process, which results in significant grain growth and weakening of fine grain strengthening.
There exist a large number of dislocations in the bainite lath and the lath boundary is composed of dislocation walls.
There are a small number of fine retained austenite and M/A islands between the lath.

In the calculation process alternate using force-displacement method and the Newton's second law, the number of iterations is based on the number of particles and contact points.
Potyondy and Cundall (2004) [5] concluded that the macro-response of a 2D DEM model can be very sensitive to the number of particles.
It becomes less sensitive when the number of particles increases.
Fig. 4 Volume increment to axial strain curves Particle flow model sample shear zone simulation According to a large number of PFC2D simulation tests, get a series of coarse grained soil microstructure parameters, see Table 2.
Coarse grained soil triaxial test of mesoscopic simulation [J].

Fine grains can be formed by breakdown of elongated grains as well as dynamic recrystallization.
However, there is a similar point, that is, that the grains in ASB are refined grains.
Large numbers of refined grains are formed in localization deforming area due to multifactor interact.
The pattern of these grains shows that the refined grains were formed by breakdown of elongated grains in the center of the ASB due to shearing stress.
So, huge stress concentration will be generated at the position of piling up of dislocations due to swarming into of large numbers of dislocations, leading to breakdown of elongated grains and forming the refined grains with dimension of 0.1~0.3μm.

In this way refining of ferritic grain is a very attractive processing route.
There are a large number of welding processes but, among these, the fusion welding processes are the most used in the industry.
Grain growth might affect directly the mechanical strength of the ultra-fine grained steel.
It's possible to identify the recrystallized ferrite grains on figure 3(b).
Weld speed (cm/min) Heat input (kJ/cm) Number of tests ∆t800/500 (s) Average Standard deviation 60 2.4 4 0.6 0.13 40 3.6 2 1.3 0.02 20 7.2 3 4.3 1.80 10 14.4 6 17.4 3.32 Table 2.

Grain contains free water and bound water, both of them contribute to grain’s moisture.
The number of grain moisture content has two different senses.
On the one hand , containing the appropriate grain moisture is necessary for the grain seed to sustain life; on the other hand, moisture impact the storage and processing of grain.
Traditionally the grain moisture content of grain drying characteristics in accordance with the physical properties of water eclectic approach to food can not reveal the nature of grain moisture.
This study presented with a cylindrical capacitive sensor to measure the grain moisture basis bathtub effect on grain.

The corrosion behavior was also affected by the ECAP factors especially the press pass number and the pressing temperature.
The results of potentiodynamic test in Fig. 4, the pitting potential (Epit) increased with increasing the number of ECAP pass times.
Third, the processing route (whether A, BA, BC or C)[12] and the total number of passes imposed on the sample .
For example, in the reference [7] the pitting potential (Epit) increased from about -310mV to +110mV with increasing number of passes.
When pressing the sample in a relative high temperature, it will lead to an increasing annihilation of dislocations within the grains and a consequent decrease in the numbers of dislocations absorbed into the subgrain walls.

Usually, grain growth means coarsening, i.e. the growth of mean grain size.
The number of scallops decreases with time as .
We treat the anti-phase domains as grains and boundaries between the anti-phase domains as grain boundaries between grains with different orientations.
The “time” at the abscissa in Fig. 2 is actually (36) The ordinate in Fig. 2 is a mean number of atoms per a cross-section of a domain satisfying the condition of the ordered phase.
The exchange is not accepted if the randomly generated number from interval (0.1) is larger than.

In terms of the microstructural evolution, lower density of defects on the grain boundary were observed and the nano-grains can be maintained about 100 nm even when annealed for 30 h at 700 oC, which suggests high thermal stability at this temperature.
Introduction Bulk nano-grained (NG) materials, which are structurally characterized by nano-grains with a large number of grain boundaries, have been found to exhibit many exceptional physical, chemical and mechanical properties relative to their coarse-grained counterparts[1-3].
In the CRed Ni-based alloy, the large diffusion coefficient and large number of nucleation sites resulting from the severe cold rolling allow for rapid precipitation of a fine dispersion.
From the Fig. 3, it can be seen that most grains are equiaxed shapes and grain boundaries in the annealed-CRed alloys become more distinct, which ascribes to the decrease in the number of defects in near-boundary regions and some extent of stress relaxation.
NG Ni-based alloy with average grain size of about 50 nm was prepared via severe cold-rolling at room temperature.