Search results

The 15Kh2MFA and 15Kh2NMFA steels have been used as a RPV material in VVER nuclear power plant and it is necessary to have an extensive data base of the mechanical properties and the influence of water environments on crack initiation and growth by both stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF) processes.
For each test, a full stress-strain curve was recorded and the parameters ultimate tensile strength Rm, yield strength Rp0.2 and ductility loss (reduction in area RA and elongation Z) were determined for the evaluation of the results.
The other typical features of DSA are a peak in tensile strength (ultimate tensile strength Rm) and a minimum of ductility (reduction in area RA) in the DSA temperature range and a negative strain-rate sensitivity.
The ultimate tensile strength Rm and reduction in area RA, reflect, more or less, the hardening effect best and distinguishes the effect more clearly.
Taking into account the reduction in area as a function of temperature and its coincidence with steel behavior in HTW with declared oxygen content [5], the stronger minimum of ductility at DSA temperature range can partially explain the differences between the C and D steels.

Damping capacity was tested by INV9824 vibration data collector with V10 vibration signal processing software (china orient institute of noise & vibration), excited force was 200 N, sampling frequency was 5120Hz,the e composite loss factors and vibration acceleration level were calculated by linear mean method, overlap coefficient was 15/16.
The change rates of tensile strength were -29.01%, -32.82%, -39.70% and -45.04% respectively, the change rates of elongation at break were -3.81%, -12.26%, -18.21 and -22.95% respectively, the change rates of tear strength were -14.70%, -24.55%, -30.47% and -36.74% respectively, Shore A hardness reductions were 5, 2, 0 and 2.
The absorption peaks between 1600~1800cm-1 had a remarkable reduction, which proves that the C=O bond had broken apart.
By the effect of corrosive medium, the active groups of molecular would have hydrolysis reaction and oxidation reaction, the basic bonds of macromolecule would break apart, which caused softening, changes in color or mechanical property reduction of material [14].
According to the reduction of composite loss factors, salt fog aging only had minor effection to energy dissipation capacity of material, the structure still had high loss factors, it is mainly because the material itself does not focus on salt fog aging, but its constrained damping structure is great in aging resistance.

(1) Where, is total urban road network capacity(pcu·km);Ci is the theoretical value of traffic capacity of one of the i-class road(veh/h); is reduction factor of multiple lanes traffic capacity of the i-class road;ti is the unit operation time of the i-class road, usually take an hour of rush hour(h);i is road category, respectively are,freeway,main road,Secondary road,branch;Lij is the mileage of the i-class,the j-road;Nij is the lanes of the i-class,the j-road;n is the total lanes of the i-class road;αi is intersection reduction factor of the i-class road;βi is the average saturation of the i-class road;γi is trunk road with uneven coefficient of the i-class road;ki is the accident interference coefficient of the i-class road. 2.2Determination of urban traffic demand based on road network capacity (1) The city traffic demand The formula the city traffic demand:
Table 1 Total road network supply table of The city M parameter category theoretical traffic capacity of one road intersection reduction factor trunk road uneven coefficient accident interference coefficient average saturation average lane lanes mileage [km] Capacity [pcu·km] freeway 1800 0.75 1 0.85 0.90 7 9 150 154912.5 main road 1730 0.55 1 0.80 0.88 6 60 890 596171.84 collector road 1640 0.45 0.8 0.75 0.85 4 98 840 316159.2 branch 900 0.35 0.7 0.70 0.75 2 1650 1880 217633.5 total - - - - - - 1817 3760 1439789.54 (2) The analysis of city M total traffic demand Taking an example of city M,according to the survey ,the number of city sunrise line per day is 3500 thousand persons.
We have statistical data of passenger transport structure in motorcycle, taxis, private cars, buses and the unit car, and peak hour factor is 0.11.According to the formula (2), we know, the city traffic demand is D1=705474,detailed in the table 2.
Table 2 The table of city M total traffic demand mode of transport total travel [persons· times/day] Proportion [[%] average real road [persons/ pcu] vehicle reduction factor average mileage [km] peak hour factor demand D1 [pcu·km] motorcycle 3500000 2 1.25 0.15 8 0.11 7392 bus 19 25 3 19 0.11 166782 taxi 5 2 1 10 0.11 96250 private cars 17 2 1 10 0.11 327250 official car 2 2 2 14 0.11 107800 total 45 - - - - 705474 In order to calculate foreign and transit transport demand, the peak hour factor is 0.11.According to the formula (3),we calculate D21+D22=446420.5,detailed in the table 3.
Table 3 The total foreign and transit transport demand table vehicle model demand category bus medium bus passenger car big truck medium van minivan total foreign demand foreign traffic 4675 13495 66797 13790 10075 9765 - mileage 15 15 15 15 15 15 - vehicle reduction factor 3.0 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 1.0 - peak hour factor 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 - demandD21 23141.25 33400.125 110215.05 6860.5 24935.625 16112.25 214664.8 Transit demand transit traffic 3397 7980 38896 7856 7989 8735 - mileage 20 20 20 20 20 20 - Vehicle reduction factor 3.0 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 1.0 - peak hour factor 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 - demand D22 22420.2 26334 85571.2 51849.6 26363.7 19217 231755.7 total - - - - - - 446420.5 According to the formula (4), we calculate that city M total traffic demand is D=705474+446420.5=1151894.5

Lake sediments are widely used to reconstruct temporal changes in nutrient pollution, the data derived from sediment accumulation and chemical and biological analysis of the sediment has had considerable influence in shaping environmental assessments and regulatory actions, especially in estimating trophic development of the lake.
Note the different scale for percentage data.
The Brachionus resting eggs increased with depths and maintained a high level from 17.5cm to 32.5 cm depth of the sediment, and then a reduction was seen from 32.5 cm.
High abundance of Daphnia may explain the reduction in Bosmina by competitive exclusion from 32.5 cm.
A reduction in the population of fish may promote an increase in the Daphnia population.

Based on the vibration theory，the vertical mathematical model of temper mill is expressed as: （3） Where, is the equivalent mass matrix of the system of temper mill, the equivalent stiffness matrix of the system, the equivalent damp matrix of the system, column vector of acceleration of system, column vector of speed of system, column vector of displacement of system, F is the lever force, load matrix, which is described as: [0 0 0 F –F 0 0 0 ]T （4） The Relationship between Rolling Force, Thickness of Oil Film and Vertical Dynamic Stiffness in Interface The rolling force can be got with W.L.Roberts formula: （5） Where, is the yield stress of workpiece, the tensile stress, the reduction rate, the friction coefficient
Under the usual rolling process, the reduction rate, the width of workpiece, the yield stress, the radius of working roller can be assumed constant in the rolling process.
So the rolling force is described as: （18） Where, is the pressure in lubrication layer of entrance plane in deformation zone, the area of deformation zone, the input velocity of workpiece, the average thickness of oil film in deformation zone, is described as , the reduction, the elongation coefficient of workpiece.
Then: （19） Where, the value of partial derivative is from experiment data.
The field data is input into the simulator which includes vertical vibration model, the horizontal vibration model and the disturbance generator.

High-strength steel frames are of less weight than ferroconcrete, they are simple in execution, and make it possible to do installation in increased blocks, which reduces a general term of building and contributes to price reduction for 1 m2 of housing area.
While exploiting, it leads to metal layering, and while increasing the temperature, it leads to the reduction of impact toughness, especially under low temperatures.
According to the data of quantitative light microscopy, we made size dependence of austenite grain on the temperature of austenization before the rolling.
It greatly increases under decreasing the temperature of austenization, which is the result of significant increase in specific area of austenite boundaries under size reduction of γ-grain.
These experiments allowed us to refine the theoretical ideas as for the formation of polygonal structure of hot deformation and obtain quantitative data about such important parameters of poligonization as the average diameter of polygons and the angle of disorientation on the middle sub-boundary, which earlier had not been obtained.

The i th eigenvalue, φi, represents the effective fractional reduction in load carrying area on planes that are perpendicular to the ith principal material direction as shown typically in Figure 1.
The Yi are eigenvalues of damage conjugate force tensor defied in Eq. (3) The J and H tensors are determined by available data on a single composite lamina, and K0 is the initial damage threshold.
The non-linear behavior and the stiffness reduction in the results are mainly due to the propagation of matrix cracking.
It can be due to the existence of errors in the used material data and simulation.
It shows that the stiffness reductions are not very large except for G13 at the interface layer which tend to zero and indicating the complete damage of the interface or shear delamination.

The XRD data were collected using a Siemens D5000 X-ray diffractometer (CuKa radiation), the SEM, TEM and DSC studies were performed using Jeol JSM 6400 (15eV), Phillips Tecnai F20 and SDT Q600 (the sample was 10.5mg at 10ºC/min) equipments respectively.
Because of ball milling, the preferred orientation in the XRD pattern has disappeared and the diffraction peaks become wider due to the crystal size reduction.
The width of Bragg peaks decreases indicating a reduction in internal stresses and a possible increase in the crystal size.
This is agreement with the XRD data.
The phase transformation is related with the crystalline defects accumulation and with the crystal size reduction during the milling process.

And the carbon emission and reduction in the green supply chain were focused on with the increased concerning on climate change in recent years [4,5,6].
That means there would be similar models for carbon emission assessment, and the representative product’s carbon emission could be expanded as the result of the whole enterprise, which could guide the emission reduction action.
This gives the informative base to analyze the carbon emission contributions of suppliers to the whole enterprise, and then, to evaluate the performance of green supply chain initiatives to the enterprise’s carbon emission reduction.
Carbon emission assessment method for household appliances Considering the actual situation of data statistic in enterprises in China, three phases, which were material phase, manufacturing phase and usage phase in the product’s life cycle, were selected to adopt the assessment of product carbon emission
Several factors influence the adaptation of this method could be induced from this research, that is, the data of products is easier to obtain, the information on product carbon emission could reflect the enterprise’s effort much more directly, and the performance of green supply chain management could be shown intuitively through the carbon emission reduction of products.

A grading from 1st to 3rd has been assigned to each element, whereby 3rd is high defect and therefore a greater reduction of resistance.
Other identified defects are twist, irregular shape and section reduction due to natural tapers or notches.
Other data detected during the inspections, must be considered separately.
These are humidity values, critical sections for defects and section reductions due to biotic attacks.
After the inspection steps, data were collected in graphic–descriptive tables (Fig.5).