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Online since: October 2016
Authors: Vito Piglionico, Antonio Piccininni, Gianfranco Palumbo, Donato Sorgente, Luigi Tricarico, Pasquale Guglielmi
In this context, non-conventional techniques, like for example those adopting flexible media, represent a challenging solution: among them, Hydroforming (HF), in which the blank is deformed under the action of a pressurized fluid (usually oil) [10], offers several advantages including cost reduction of workpiece and tools [11].
It is worthy of notice that the temperature increase led to a strong reduction of the mechanical properties of the alloy.
For example, the percentage thickness reduction (TR%) and the Major strain profiles concerning tests at 250 °C have been plotted in Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b, respectively.
Experimental data were used for creating accurate Response Surfaces (RSs) using a multivariate polynomial interpolation algorithm based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 10 Contour plot of the Response Variable: (a) F%, (b) Cycle time and (c) TR% Resulting RSs have been reported in Fig. 10: the surfaces showed a good fitting of the starting data, being characterized by a correlation coefficient (R2) equal to about 98%.
It is worthy of notice that the temperature increase led to a strong reduction of the mechanical properties of the alloy.
For example, the percentage thickness reduction (TR%) and the Major strain profiles concerning tests at 250 °C have been plotted in Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b, respectively.
Experimental data were used for creating accurate Response Surfaces (RSs) using a multivariate polynomial interpolation algorithm based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 10 Contour plot of the Response Variable: (a) F%, (b) Cycle time and (c) TR% Resulting RSs have been reported in Fig. 10: the surfaces showed a good fitting of the starting data, being characterized by a correlation coefficient (R2) equal to about 98%.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Cheng Hua Wang, Jun Nan Cao, Liang Liang Zhao
The bearing capacity can also be got from the pile test data if condition is available.
This means the reduction of partial settlement of a raft can be realized by using piles as settlement reducers to compensation the settlement requirment.
(7) Where, k is the efficiency factor of bearing capacity of a pile, usually take as 0.5~1.0; Qu is the vertical limit bearing capacity of a single pile, kN, which can be obtained from the pile test data.
At the same time, the reduction of vertical stress along horizontal direction becomes fast, thereby the horizontal influential zone of the stress will decrease as well.
As the pile length increases, the vertical additional stress of soil on the pile tip plan decreases obviously, which leads to an effective reduction of foundation settlement, but results in a decay of reduction ratio of stress along horizontal direction.
This means the reduction of partial settlement of a raft can be realized by using piles as settlement reducers to compensation the settlement requirment.
(7) Where, k is the efficiency factor of bearing capacity of a pile, usually take as 0.5~1.0; Qu is the vertical limit bearing capacity of a single pile, kN, which can be obtained from the pile test data.
At the same time, the reduction of vertical stress along horizontal direction becomes fast, thereby the horizontal influential zone of the stress will decrease as well.
As the pile length increases, the vertical additional stress of soil on the pile tip plan decreases obviously, which leads to an effective reduction of foundation settlement, but results in a decay of reduction ratio of stress along horizontal direction.
Online since: September 2016
Authors: Irina V. Zlobina, N.V. Bekrenev, G.K. Muldasheva
During ultrasonic drilling of titanium samples was found a significant reduction in the thrust, compared with drilling without ultrasound.
It can be seen that the greatest effect of the reduction of the axial cutting force is achieved with a drill message vibrations directed in the plane of the cutting edges.
Apparently, it is connected with the discontinuity of the process of cutting and reduction of chip thickness per a revolution of the drill, as shown in the theoretical research section.
Thus it is seen that in the case , where vibrations are directed in the plane of the cutting edges of the drill, the reduction effect is less pronounced.
The increasing of the amount of metal at unit length due to its smaller step with a relatively smaller thickness indicates on the one hand an increase of productivity and, on the other hand, the reduction of the cutting forces, which is confirmed by the data in Table. 1.
It can be seen that the greatest effect of the reduction of the axial cutting force is achieved with a drill message vibrations directed in the plane of the cutting edges.
Apparently, it is connected with the discontinuity of the process of cutting and reduction of chip thickness per a revolution of the drill, as shown in the theoretical research section.
Thus it is seen that in the case , where vibrations are directed in the plane of the cutting edges of the drill, the reduction effect is less pronounced.
The increasing of the amount of metal at unit length due to its smaller step with a relatively smaller thickness indicates on the one hand an increase of productivity and, on the other hand, the reduction of the cutting forces, which is confirmed by the data in Table. 1.
Online since: December 2016
Authors: Tatiana Koltsova, Alexander Smirnov, Vladimir Levitskii, Ilya A. Eliseyev, Valery Yu. Davydov, Oleg Tolochko, Tatiana V. Larionova, Mariya Kozlova
According to XPS data sample on Si/SiO2 appears less susceptible to sputtering under bombardment.
However, matching XPS and Raman data is often non-obvious and controversial.
The peaks assignment were performed basing on the data reported earlier (see, e.g., [2,4]) The spectrum comprises 6 major contributions at 284.2, 285.0, 285.8, 286.5, 287.0, and 288.5 eV.
These data are typical for the two layer graphene.
Ruo, Synthesis of Graphene –based nanosheets via Chemical Reduction of Exfoliated Graphite Oxide, Carbon 45 (2007) 1558-1565
However, matching XPS and Raman data is often non-obvious and controversial.
The peaks assignment were performed basing on the data reported earlier (see, e.g., [2,4]) The spectrum comprises 6 major contributions at 284.2, 285.0, 285.8, 286.5, 287.0, and 288.5 eV.
These data are typical for the two layer graphene.
Ruo, Synthesis of Graphene –based nanosheets via Chemical Reduction of Exfoliated Graphite Oxide, Carbon 45 (2007) 1558-1565
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Xin Ling Cai, Qian Li, Lin Hu, Xiao Meng Zhao
Based on the daily rainfall data of 145 meteorological stations in the Yellow River basin, the spatial and temporal variations characteristic of erosive rainfall was analyzed by using statistical methods.
The spatial and temporal variation of erosion precipitation, extreme precipitation and annual precipitation are analyzed by use of longer and denser daily rainfall data in the last 50 years over the Yellow River basin.
Fig. 1 Meteorological stations in the Yellow River Basin Data and Method The divisory criterion of the erosive rainfall is the daily rainfall over 12 mm by using 145 meteorological stations in the Yellow River basin [7].
For by-station, screened yearly summary of daily rainfall data obtained stations yearly rainfall, erosion precipitation and extreme rainfall.
The stations of reduction occopied 67% , some of them pass the 0.05 significance level.
The spatial and temporal variation of erosion precipitation, extreme precipitation and annual precipitation are analyzed by use of longer and denser daily rainfall data in the last 50 years over the Yellow River basin.
Fig. 1 Meteorological stations in the Yellow River Basin Data and Method The divisory criterion of the erosive rainfall is the daily rainfall over 12 mm by using 145 meteorological stations in the Yellow River basin [7].
For by-station, screened yearly summary of daily rainfall data obtained stations yearly rainfall, erosion precipitation and extreme rainfall.
The stations of reduction occopied 67% , some of them pass the 0.05 significance level.
Online since: September 2016
Authors: Jitka Hroudová, Azra Korjenic, Martin Sedlmajer, Jiří Zach
One of the strategic goals of Europe 2020 is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % by 2020 compared to year 1990 and increasing energy efficiency by 20 %.
Closely related to the revitalization of structures necessary for reasons reduction of their unsatisfactory energy consumption and then also the construction of new building structures with minimal energy requirements by using less energy demanding materials, if is it possible from easily renewable resources.
Table 3 Overview of dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature and relative humidity, sorption properties Dependences Values of Properties Temperature [°C] 10 20 30 Thermal conductivity [W·m-1·K-1] 0.0814 0.0861 0.0885 Relative humidity [%] 0 50 80 Thermal conductivity [W·m-1·K-1] 0.0753 0.0814 0.0864 Relative humidity [%] 0 50 80 Water content [M. %] 0 0.23 8.07 Simulation of hygrothermal behavior of developed mixture Based on the obtained data were this mixture subjected to simulations of hygrothermal behavior in the calculation program WUFI 2D, in specific detail the historical walls, insulated calcium silicate boards from the site of interior.
On the basis of the measured data and simulation of thermal and moisture behavior developed plaster with fibers from sheep's wool can be stated that the plaster perform sufficient thermal insulation function.
Closely related to the revitalization of structures necessary for reasons reduction of their unsatisfactory energy consumption and then also the construction of new building structures with minimal energy requirements by using less energy demanding materials, if is it possible from easily renewable resources.
Table 3 Overview of dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature and relative humidity, sorption properties Dependences Values of Properties Temperature [°C] 10 20 30 Thermal conductivity [W·m-1·K-1] 0.0814 0.0861 0.0885 Relative humidity [%] 0 50 80 Thermal conductivity [W·m-1·K-1] 0.0753 0.0814 0.0864 Relative humidity [%] 0 50 80 Water content [M. %] 0 0.23 8.07 Simulation of hygrothermal behavior of developed mixture Based on the obtained data were this mixture subjected to simulations of hygrothermal behavior in the calculation program WUFI 2D, in specific detail the historical walls, insulated calcium silicate boards from the site of interior.
On the basis of the measured data and simulation of thermal and moisture behavior developed plaster with fibers from sheep's wool can be stated that the plaster perform sufficient thermal insulation function.
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Xue Dong Zhang, Ping Sun, Wen Xia Lu, Li Hua Ye
The data for different valve lift were regulated by the micrometer fixed on the valve rod and the maximum lift is 9.5mm.
1,5.
Data acquisition device Fig. 1.
Scheme of Steady Flow Test Rig for Port Validation Test Fig.2 is the comparison of simulated and experimental flow coefficient and angular momentum flux which shows that the computed values are coincidence with the measured data except the lower valve lift.
It can be seen that the axial deviation in both direction of the port could lead to a reduction of flow characteristics which change obviously with the distance increased.
Performance curve with the port rotated Conclusions (1) The calculated results are verified to be reliable by the measured data of steady flow test rig
Data acquisition device Fig. 1.
Scheme of Steady Flow Test Rig for Port Validation Test Fig.2 is the comparison of simulated and experimental flow coefficient and angular momentum flux which shows that the computed values are coincidence with the measured data except the lower valve lift.
It can be seen that the axial deviation in both direction of the port could lead to a reduction of flow characteristics which change obviously with the distance increased.
Performance curve with the port rotated Conclusions (1) The calculated results are verified to be reliable by the measured data of steady flow test rig
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Xin Zhang, Dong Chen E, Chun Xia Zhou
The data have been demarcated by apparatus, and the known instrument errors of the raw image data from the digital number (DN) are revised.
However, a series of further data processing are needed to perform.
These data have near-simultaneous coverage of the same extent in Grove Mountains.
The data difference is less than 1.5%, which indicates that the results have high reliability.
The Landsat data are used to track the interannual variation of the blue-ice extent.
However, a series of further data processing are needed to perform.
These data have near-simultaneous coverage of the same extent in Grove Mountains.
The data difference is less than 1.5%, which indicates that the results have high reliability.
The Landsat data are used to track the interannual variation of the blue-ice extent.
Online since: June 2008
Authors: Neda Djordjevic, Peter Habisreuther, Nikolaos Zarzalis
Increasingly stringent regulations for limiting pollutant emissions for both aircraft and
industrial gas turbines enforce further reduction of NOx emissions while maintaining flame
stability.
In modern gas turbines reduction of NOx-emissions is achieved through leaning of the combustion zone with simultaneous homogenisation of the fuel/air mixture.
Thus, further reduction of NOx emissions in gas turbines requests the replacement of the pilot burner operated in diffusive mode with one under premixed condition.
For comparison, the corresponding data for a laminar freely propagating flame are also included.
In modern gas turbines reduction of NOx-emissions is achieved through leaning of the combustion zone with simultaneous homogenisation of the fuel/air mixture.
Thus, further reduction of NOx emissions in gas turbines requests the replacement of the pilot burner operated in diffusive mode with one under premixed condition.
For comparison, the corresponding data for a laminar freely propagating flame are also included.
Online since: August 2016
Authors: Sylma Carvalho Maestrelli, Alfeu Saraiva Ramos, Vera Lúcia Arantes, Jeferson Almeida Dias, Tania Regina Giraldi, Marília Zani Minucci, Mauro F. Toledo
The results indicated that there were no detectable powder contamination during the millings and the reduction of crystallite size was function of time and media of milling.
This technique is based on impact of milling balls in the powder to obtain the reduction of particle size and consequent increment of particle surface area [12].
It was used the pseudo-Voigt function to adjust the X-Ray data in the theoretical diffractogram.
The best rate for dye degradation was obtained for material processed by dry media milling during 10 hours, which was related to the highest reduction of crystallite size among the evaluated samples.
This technique is based on impact of milling balls in the powder to obtain the reduction of particle size and consequent increment of particle surface area [12].
It was used the pseudo-Voigt function to adjust the X-Ray data in the theoretical diffractogram.
The best rate for dye degradation was obtained for material processed by dry media milling during 10 hours, which was related to the highest reduction of crystallite size among the evaluated samples.