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By considering the solid as a liquid with finite liquid fraction, the solid and liquid can be formulated as a one domain problem using the same governing equations, as follows[5]: (1) (2) (3) where is the density, the velocity vector, the pressure, the dynamic viscosity and is the thermal conductivity of the medium in the pipe, means the momentum sink in the mushy zone of the flow , and denotes the enthalpy of the material.
The enthalpy for the solidification problem can be described as: (4) where is the latent heat of the material, the reference enthalpy, means the liquid fraction.
The momentum sink due to the reduced porosity in the mushy zone are follows: (6) where is a small number to prevent division by zero, is the solid velocity due to the pulling of the solidified material out of the domain, and is the mushy zone constant.
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 23(11), pp. 979-991, 1986

Effect of post-annealing ambient on electrical structural properties and optical properties of ZnO:Al transparent films Lidan Tang 1,a, Bing Wang 1,b, Jianzhong Wang1,c 1Department of Materials science and engineering, Liaoning University of technology, Jinzhou, 121001, China akittytld@yahoo.com.cn, lgclwb@yahoo.com.cnb, clgxzemail@126.com Keywords: ZnO film; RF/DC magnetron sputtering; p-type.transparent film.
Introduction Zinc oxide has attracted much attention as a promising material for short-wavelength optoelectronic devices, such as ultraviolet light emitting diodes and laser diodes, because of its wide band gap (3.37eV) and large exciton binding energy (60meV) [1,2].
Vol.95 (2004) , p.5882 [10] Cao HT, Peia ZL, Gonga J, Suna C, Huanga RF, Wena LS. : Journal of Solid State Chemistry Vol.177 (2004), p. 1480 [11] Perkins CL, Lee SH, Li XN, Asher SE, Coutts TJ. : J Appl Phys Vol.97 (2005), p. 034907

Phase Transformation of Coal at High Temperature Xiao-hu Hua 1,2,a Xiao-gang wang1,2,b Jia-qing Yang1,c Shu-he Lu1,2 Li-rong Deng1,2 Li-bin niu1,2 Zi-min Fan 1,2 Jia-bo Wang 1,2 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi 'an University of Science and Technology ，710054 Xi'an, Shaanxi 2Shaanxi Engineering Research centre of Energy Saving and Polygeneration in Silicon & Magnesium industry 710054 Xi 'an, Shaanxi ahxh85587373@126.com,bXGWang@hotmail.com,c283574475@qq.com Key words: Anthracite, Bitumite , High heat treatment temperature, Microstructure, Phase.
Experiment raw materials. high-quality Zhaotong Yulin bituminous coal and anthracite were used as raw materials, in which the anthracite water does not exceed 2%, ash content does not exceed 5%, volatile matter content is less than 10%, fixed carbon content is more than 85%, indiating a high-quality high-carbon low-ash anthracite.
Chemical analysis of raw materials is shown in Table 1.
Acknowledgements Yunnan Province scientific and technological project (201440), Yulin City scientific and technological project (201346) and Xi'an University of Science and Technology nurture Fund (201303) First author: Xiaohu Hua , male, born in 1978, PhD, engineer; research direction for the new carbon materials.
(In Chinese) [5] S.C.Guo:Coal Chemical Technology( Beijing Chemical Industry Press, China 2008(In Chinese) [6] B.Jiang,Y.Qin and F.l.Jin:Geological Sciences, Vol.33(1998)No.1,P.17-24(In Chinese) [7] Z.H.Wang,J.S.Gao:Carbon Materials(Shanghai East China Institute of Chemical Technology Press, China 1991)(In Chinese) [8] Fraklin.R.E：Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences ,Vol.209（1951）No.1097，p.196-218 [9] Oberlin.A,Teriere.G：Carbon,Vol.13（1975）No.5，p.367-376 [10] Rouzaud.J.N,Oberlin.A：Carbons, Vol.13（1989）No.4，p.517-529 [11] Sandra Rodrigues,Isabel Suárez-Ruiz et al：International Journal of Coal Geology , Vol.85（2011）No.2，p.219-226 [12] S.Y.Wu, Y.Q.Wu, and Z.Gu : Acta Petrolei Sinica(Petroleum Processing Section) , Vol.25（2009）No.2，p. 258- 265 (In Chinese)

D’Arrigo1,e 1Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IMM, Catania I, 95121, Italy 2Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, A.
Experimental Section Materials and Methods.
Emory, Science (80-. )., vol. 275, no. 5303, pp. 1102–1106, 1997
Garcia, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 44, no. 28. 2011
Thompson, Annual Review of Materials Research, vol. 42. 2012

Considering from the angle to damage of materials, near the free surface, disturbing between suction wave and compress wave always happens thus making material damage.
The size of all materials is the same; both length and width are 250 mm.
Therefore, we imagine that the combination materials should have a best matching value, it is not the more attenuation the better protect effect and it should have certain rigidity requirement to the “soft material” of multiple hull structure.
Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 2009, 30（1）:19-22
Basic for Blast Effects [M].Nanjing：PLA University of Science and Technology, 2001

Introduction To investigate plasticity, deformation and fracture of materials, discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD), in which each dislocation is adopted as a fundamental entity, is a powerful tool and widely used.
Chou, Model for interaction of dislocation arrays with a crack, International Journal of Fatigue, Volume 27, Issues 10-12, 2005, pp. 1170-1174
[7] A.Hartmaier, P.Gumbsch, Discrete dislocation dynamics simulation of crack-tip plasticity, Raabe, D., Continuum scale simulation of engineering materials.
Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1992. p. 37-49
[14] S.G.Roberts, Modelling the brittle to ductile transition in single crystals, Computer Simulations in Materials Science, 1996 (Series E: Applied Sciences vol 308) pp 409-33

However, the commonly used gravity foundation of wind turbine generator is usually controlled by the tensile stress of the bottom surface of the foundation, resulting in waste of materials.
For rock mass and concrete category of materials, although the use is not associated flow rule, it is more in line with the actual situation, this means that the material is unstable, and the export of elastic-plastic matrix is asymmetric.
For geotechnical materials, two kinds of models are mainly adopted for hardening rule: isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening.
Acknowledgments The reported research was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China with grant 51278313, Liaoning Natural Science Foundation with grant 201202180, Science Foundation of Liaoning Education Department with grant L2012214, and Liaoning Electric Power Survey & Design Institute Foundation.
Deng: Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, Vol. 45 Sup. (2012), p.151 (in Chinese) [2] D.C.

These historical sources do not specify which parts of the tower were destroyed, or if the materials were reused.
Key Engineering Materials 01/2014
Key Engineering Materials, 2014
Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 6 (2012) 384-391
Key Engineering Materials, 2014

Helmholtz Free Energy and the Activation Volume of Steady-State Creep in FGH96 Superalloy Zichao Penga*, Jinwen Zou, Lei Zhou and Xuqing Wang Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory，AECC Beijing Institute of Areonautical Materials, Beijing, 100095, China *apengzichaonba7@hotmail.com, Zoujw613@sina.com, 18548921417@sina.cn, Wxqcjr@163.com Keywords: Creep; FGH96; Helmholtz free energy; activation volume Abstract.
Element W Mo Zr B C Value 4.0 4.0 0.035 0.020 0.015 In this work, the creep tests were performed according to China national standard GB/T 2039-2012 uniaxial tensile creep test method for metallic materials [8].
[8] China national standardization administration, GB/T 2039-2012 Uniaxial Tensile Creep Test Method for Metallic Materials, China Standard Press, Beijing, 2012, pp. 1–38
Gibbs, Thermodynamic analysis of dislocation glide controlled by dispersed local obstacles, Materials Science and Engineering, 1969, 4:313
Reed, Heat treatment of Udimet 720Li: the effect of microstructure on properties, Materials Science and Engineering A, 259(1999), 85-97.

Analysis of Tribodegradation Factors Limiting the Life of the Molds Janette Brezinová1,a*, Miroslav Džupon2,b, Ján Viňáš1,c, Jakub Brezina1,d and Ján Hašuľ1,e 1Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Košice, Slovakia 2Slovak Academy of Science, Institute of Materials Research, Košice, Slovakia a*janette.brezinova@tuke.sk, bmdzupon@saske.sk, cjan.vinas@tuke.sk, djakub.brezina@tuke.sk, ejan.hasul@tuke.sk Keywords: aluminum casting; molds; shaped parts; service life.
Depending on the extent of repairs during the renovation, a combination of maraging and dievar materials is suitable.
These materials are used for the production of new molds for high-pressure casting of aluminum alloys.
Materials Science and Engineering 397, (2005), 356-369
Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9 (5), (2020), 10520-10528.