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The main parameters that characterize the geometry of the WSW, are the number of diamond grains per unit area of the tool surface, law of the grain vertex distribution in height and radius of the rounding grains vertexes.
Number of grains are lower evenly than the actual on (20-25)% in the considered depth.
The number of contacting grains will be different for instruments with different elastic ligament characteristics, and power settings in the contact zone will change respectively.
i - number of the interval where these grains are located (it should be calculated from the interval where the most projected grains are located in).
When grinding with a thin elastic diamond tool the number of active grains is determined by the ligament compliance: the more ligament compliance increases, the more number of active grains become.

At present work it is based on the Fe-40Ni-Ti alloy to simulate the grain boundary migrated process of HAZ in rapid heating process, observe the action between the boundary and TiN, simulate the grain growth behavior of austenite grains.
The grain size in different heat zone was measured by using the line transect method [5], and the grain number of statistics is at least 300. 18mm 4mm F10mm a b c Fig.1 Thermal simulation test of the sample (a) welding line, (b) HAZ, (c) parent metal Results and Discussions Curve characteristic of rapid heated process The rapid heating up curve at thermal simulation machine was shown in Fig.2.
The grain growth is not obvious at HAZ and parent metal.
If the grain boundary energy anisotropy is significant, in order to reduce the process barrier, the grain boundary curvature changes small during the bypassing process, and if the grain boundary energy basic isotropic, in order to reduce the total area increase, the grain boundary curvature near the precipitates becomes very large.
(2) TiN particles have obvious effect on the grain boundary migration, the grain boundary energy change a little with the grain boundary orientation change.

Due to the large number of participated abrasive grains, random shape, size and location, and higher grinding speed, it’s extremely difficult to study the formation mechanism and material removal mechanism of grinding surface.
Based on the relative motion trajectory of the abrasive grain and workpiece, the single abrasive grain grinding experiment can be divided to pendulum and swipe.
Single Abrasive Grain Grinding Experiment Single abrasive grain grinding experiment in the type of pendulum.
Adopting single abrasive grain grinding experiment, E.
Exchanging the position of abrasive grain and the workpiece, B.

It was evidenced that large-sized cluster of grains interfaced by S3n boundaries (S3n CG) emerged in sample B, in which there are moderate preferential grain orientation distribution and {111} grain boundary plane distributions.
The fractions of the different grain boundary types were determined on the basis of the length fraction by dividing the number of pixels of a particular boundary with that of the entire grain boundaries.
Grain boundaries with 1<å<29 were regarded as low-∑ CSLBs or SBs.
The spreading of intensity away from the ideal [111] position is an indication of the relative number of incoherent Σ3 boundaries, as shown in figure 1a-1b.
It is evidenced that in sample A all the grain orientations are random whereas in sample B there is modestly preferred grain orientation of {110}//ND.

Effect of Casting Temperature on Grain Size of Al-Si Alloys Refined by a Novel Grain Refiner L.
After the addition of the NGR (Figure 4 b), not only the size of the primary α-Al dendrites is significantly reduced but the mean length of the eutectic phase and the size and number of primary silicon particles present in the microstructure is reduced as well.
Moreover, the presence of a much bigger number of dendrites growing is favouring the nucleation of the eutectic phase due to the fact that the lattice mismatch between them is rather small. 4.
John, Grain Refinement of Aluminum Alloys: Part I.
Bolzoni, Grain Refiner for Al-Si Alloys, Light Metals, (2013) 1009-1012

After sufficient number of pulses (typically 15 to 20) of LEHCPEB treatment, this hardened zone can extend over hundreds of mm.
In turns, this reduces the number of nucleation sites available and the crater formation mechanism become less effective [8, 13].
These ultra fine grains are not the only reason for the generally observed surface hardening.
There is a fairly linear increase of hardness with the square root of the average grain size when the number of pulses increases.
This is illustrated by the EBSD map shown in Fig 4b where (i) the sub-grains are visible as white lines and (ii) the grains have blueish colors coresponding to near <111> orientations.

1 Abnormal Grain Growth and Texture Development A.D.
Abnormal Grain Growth Theory Upper Limit for Abnormal Growth.
Rollett and Mullins [1] developed a theory for abnormal grain growth as a function of the properties (energy and mobility) of the perimeter of a single abnormal grain embedded in a matrix of grains with uniform boundary properties.
Results Grain Boundary Properties.
Acknowledgments This work was supported primarily by the MRSEC program of the National Science Foundation under Award Number DMR-0079996.

Barn Grain Temperature Information Error Controlling Method Based on Limited Feedback Compressed Sensing As more feedback data will increase the bandwidth, there exists a question that what date should be feedback in compressed sensing online monitoring of grain information.
Suppose thatis the grain temperature andis the sampled vector by compressed sensing, the sampled vectoris sent to the receiver; 2.
is a the index set of original temperature according to,is a the index set of original temperature according to; Comparing two sets of elements, an error is detected if there are different elements, and the number of errors can be calculated by the formula (3), which Card is the number of the set
Grain temperature changing law research.
Grain Storage Technology Communication, vol. 5, pp. 51-52, 2005.

This size doesn’t change much with increasing cycles number.
Banded structure became less prominent, and areas of small equiaxed grains became larger with increasing cycles number.
Grain size decreases with increasing cycles number and is about 1 μm after 20 cycles.
MAF cycles number 2 4 6 10 20 Average grain size, [μm] 2.55 2.22 1.51 1.19 1.02 HABs fraction, [%] 26.4 29.1 33.0 34.4 50.0 UTS, [MPa] 405 420 435 440 445 Elongation, [%] 19 20 19 19 19 Microhardness, [HV] 111 107 108 113 115 Strength of oxygen-free copper increases slightly with increase of cycles number.
Ductility showed no dependence on cycles number.

This paper presents a mechanism for the formation of grain cutting edges in the micro dressing of coarse-grain polycrystalline cubic boron nitrite (cBN) grinding wheels using a fine-grain diamond dresser.
This paper deals with a mechanism for the formation of grain cutting edges in the micro dressing of coarse-grain polycrystalline cBN grinding wheels using a fine-grain diamond dresser.
As shown in Fig.3, some corase primary cBN crystal grains appear in the flat grain surface of the grinding wheel.
A large number of micro projections exist in the flat surface, as shown in the sectional profiles of the flat planes in Fig.4 and 5.
Figure 6 shows the number of projections that exist in a unit flat surface area, that is, the micro projection density Cm.