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Grain Refinement in 441 Ferritic Stainless Steel: High Versus Low Ti/Al Ratio after Casting and Hot Rolling Charles Siyasiyaa∗, Joshua Asanteb, Rutendo Matengaifac Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa a*charles.siyasiya@up.ac.za; bu20747226@tuks.co.za; cu16364768@tuks.co.za Keywords: Grain refinement, Continuous casting, Hot rolling, Ti/Al ratio, Inclusions, Precipitates.
This is because the limited amount of strain during plate rolling of thick plates makes it harder to achieve grain refinement through the recrystallization process in these relatively high stacking fault energy (SFE) materials.
[4] Junwei Fu*, Wenxiu Qiu, Qiangqiang Nie, Yucheng Wu, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 699 (2017) 938 – 946
[5] Dirk Kruger and Andrie Garbers-Craig, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Vol. 48B, (2017) pp. 1514 –1532
[8] Shi, C., Chen, X., Guo, H., Zhu, Z. and Sun, X., Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 44B, 2013, pp. 378-389

Rákay, Kinematic Analysis of Crank Rocker Mechanism Using MSC Adams/View, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Volume: Applied Mechanics and Mechatronics, 2014, in: Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Delyová, Kinematic Analysis of the Press Mechanism Using MSC Adams, American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2014; 2(7):312-315.
Hroncová, Kinematic Analysis Planar Mechanism of a Pump Using MSC Adams, 2014, in: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 611 (2014), p. 98-106, ISBN 978-3-03835-189-4, ISSN 1660-9336
Ivančo, Calculations of phase transformations in welding simulations, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 611, p. 46-53, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, 2014
Novotný, M.Tsunori, Creation of Imperfections for Welding Simulations, CMES: Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.82, Nos.3&4, 2011, pages 253-264, ISSN: 1526-1492

Zhang 1,a 1State key lab of advanced technology for materials synthesis and processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China 2 School of science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China a sqqf@263.net Keywords: AlN ceramics; densification; spark plasma sintering (SPS); grain boundary phase; thermal conductivity Abstract.
These effects achieve the quick densification of ceramic materials, and highly densified AlN ceramic with little sintering aids or without aid can be sintered and it maintains homogeneous microstructure.
Experimental Procedure Commercial AlN powder (Fujian Sinocera Advanced Materials CO.
The density of samples was measured by the Archimedes' displacement method, and relative density was calculated through the theoretic density of raw materials.
Fu: Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, Vol. 21(1999), p.15 [4] L.

Thus mixing a few of steel fiber not only improved the flexural intensity, toughness and fatigue performance but also enhanced the utilization ratio of material and reduces the cost at the same time [2].
And the results were compared with those of original concrete(OC). 2 Fatigue Test 2.1 Tests Materials The cement(C) was employed the 42.5# ordinary Portland cement.
Table 1 Concrete Mix Proportion C42.5# / 3− ⋅ mkg CA / 3− ⋅ mkg FA / 3− ⋅ mkg W / 3− ⋅ mkg MP / 3− ⋅ mkg W/C C：FA：CA SR /% 330 1300 671 152 1.18 0.46 1:2.03 : 3.94 34.0 Table2 Main Parameters of Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Diameter/µm 13~21 Length/mm 6± Proportion/ 3g m −⋅ 1.18~1.2 Color Light yellow Tensile Strength/ MPa ≥950 Crack Extending Rate 8~20% Young Modulus/ GPa ≥17 Lightfastness well 2.2 Test Setup and Test Procedure Groups of needed materials were calculated and weighed up according to the designed mix proportion.
Fig. 1 Relation curve of LSFRC Fig. 2 Relation curve of LHFRC 3.2.2 Damage Analysis The strain of general engineering material changing with circle times followed three-phase law under circle load.
References 1 Zhao Guofan, Peng Shaomin, Huang Chengkui, in: Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Structure,edited by China Architecture and Building (1999), in press. 2 Yuan Haiqing, Chen Jingtao, Zhu Jidong:submitted to Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science (2003) 3 Byung Hwan Oh: submitted to ACI, (1992) 4 Yi Cheng, Shen Shizhao, Xie Heping: submitted to Engineering Mechanics (2002) circle ratio n/NF ε k1 k2 1.0 Ⅱ Ⅲ B A I 0

Introduction Stainless steel, which has high-extensibility, high-reduction in cross-section, low-modulus of elasticity, and low-heat conductivity, is a typical refractory material.
It mainly removes mass materials by electrolysis, at the same time to soften the surface, so that surface material to be easily removed, it just required a small grinding force, generated the small grinding heat, the small deformation of the workpiece and accessed the high-precision.
As the soft characteristic contrasting to base material, it is easily to be cut.
Voltage is 0～100V, the current is 0～100A. ④electrode system, adopting steel 45# as negative pole material.
Zhu: The abrasive belt grinding theory and engineer application, (The press of ChongQing Universe, China 1993) (Chinese Literature) [2] X.L.Cheng, Roscoe and Sharong: Electrochemical and solid-state Letter Vol 8, n9（2005）, pB38-B41 [3] J.Y.Wang, J.W.Xu: Principle and Application of Electrochemical Machining (National Defense Industry Press, China 2001 (Chinese Literature) [4] Y.P.Liao, Y.B.Yan: Application of orthogonal test method in machine work (China Agricultural Machinery Press, China 1984) (Chinese Literature) [5] Z.He , S.G.Zhao: Journal of material science and engineering Vol .25(3) (2007) (Chinese Literature)

The process can be utilized in many promising fields such as net shaped solid metallic parts, functionally graded materials, cellular solids, in-situ alloying parts, and parts with conformal/internal features [2].
Experimental Material.
The experimental material for laser direct deposition experiment was the Ni60A alloy whose powder size is about 200 mesh.
The process was not restricted by the material and shape of the deposited metal powder.
Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society, 52 (12) (2000), pp. 28-29

Hence, it is of utmost importance to minimize the wear effects on materials, and coatings are frequently used to reduce wear as well as the friction of materials.
Sturlese, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol.
Coddet, Materials Characterization, Vol.53(2004) p.361
Cordery, Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 6 (1997) pp.537-541
EI-Baradie, Journal of Material Processing Technology, Vol. 67(1997) p.55

Currently, the sensors based on carbon nanotubes (CNT) becomes favorable sensing materials due to their outstanding properties such as high mobility carriers, good adsorption capacity and high physiochemical stability.
Materials and Method Table 1 shows the materials and chemicals used in this study.
All the chemicals and materials were used without any purification and purchased from various suppliers.
Table 1: Materials and chemicals Materials Supplier Carbon Nanotubes (Purity >95%, ID: 5 – 10 nm, OD: 10 – 30 nm) Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, USA Sulphuric Acid, 98% Merck Company (Germany) Dodecylamine, 99% Merck Company (Germany) Acetone, 1% AGS Nitrogen, N2 99% AGS N, N-dimethylformamide, DMF Merck Company (Germany) Functionalization of CNT was published [6].
The carbon materials were functionalized with carboxyl and amide groups.

Optimization of Elastic Supports for Laminated Composite Plates Jackson Kong1, a 1Division of Building Science and Technology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong absjkong@cityu.edu.hk Keywords: Laminated composite plates; support optimization.
Numerical examples involving various support conditions, span/depth ratio and material properties are presented herein to illustrate the method.
References [1] Y Narita, The effect of point constraints on transverse vibration of cantilever plates, Journal of Sound and Vibration 102 (1985) 305-313
[2] B Akesson, N Olhoff, Minimum Stiffness of optimally located supports for maximum value of beam eigenfrequencies, Journal of Sound and Vibration 120 (1998) 457-463 [3] R Courant, D Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics, Vol.1, Interscience, New York, 1953 [4] Y.
[5] K M Won,Y S Park, Optimal Support positions for a structure to maximize its fundamental natural frequency, Journal of Sound and Vibration 213(1998) 801-812 [6] Michael I Friswell, D Wang, The minimum support stiffness required to raise the fundamental natural frequency of plate structures, Journal of Sound and Vibration 301(2007) 665-677 [7] J.N.

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