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Online since: August 2013
Authors: Cai Lian Hao, Deng Hua Yan, Wei Hua Xiao, Jun Yin
Technical framework for research on Water-loss and Soil-erosion Dominated Non-point Source Pollution in Agriculture
Technical framework for research on water-loss-and-soil-erosion dominated non-point source pollution in agriculture shall cover three different layers: outfit of fundamental information, mechanism identification and evaluation, scheme setting and working out the countermeasures, and with details as followed(Fig. 3):
Layer for outfit of fundamental information: the way of taking regional meteorological data, soil data, hydrologic data, water quality data and some graphic materials as working database would facilitate the operation and validation to the simulation platform for regional non-point source pollution in agriculture.
At moment, there are many non-point source pollution models, domestically and globally, but the distributive physical non-point source pollution models, in absolute term, would be in need of considerable amount of fundamental data as in hydrology, meteorology, soil and water quality, etc., which is not suitable for application in actual practice whereas, a empirical model is not advantageous in forecasting/prediction and watershed management, due to its lack of description of working mechanism.
Except for effectiveness of input data and estimate of model parameters, model structure is also the key factor for forecast accuracy of model[22] whereas, in view of the fact that structures for varied non-point source pollution are different in many ways, it would be then differed in terms of adaptability to varied time scale, simulation capability in the course of hydrologic process, computational capacity against a variety of pollution load and performance in describing the courses of pollutants migration, etc[23]; and rather, these models appertaining to mechanisms, for the most parts, are being developed by the advanced countries, in so far as the model parameters and mechanism are not necessarily suitable for all other countries and regions[24].
Comparing water quality over land surface with water-environmental capacity of corresponding pollutants, carry out a review of the river-entry reduction or remaining water-environmental capacity.
For this reason, river-entry reduction or remaining water-environmental capacity acquired by computation must be translated into reduction volume of catchment-area pollutants discharge or remaining volume.
At moment, there are many non-point source pollution models, domestically and globally, but the distributive physical non-point source pollution models, in absolute term, would be in need of considerable amount of fundamental data as in hydrology, meteorology, soil and water quality, etc., which is not suitable for application in actual practice whereas, a empirical model is not advantageous in forecasting/prediction and watershed management, due to its lack of description of working mechanism.
Except for effectiveness of input data and estimate of model parameters, model structure is also the key factor for forecast accuracy of model[22] whereas, in view of the fact that structures for varied non-point source pollution are different in many ways, it would be then differed in terms of adaptability to varied time scale, simulation capability in the course of hydrologic process, computational capacity against a variety of pollution load and performance in describing the courses of pollutants migration, etc[23]; and rather, these models appertaining to mechanisms, for the most parts, are being developed by the advanced countries, in so far as the model parameters and mechanism are not necessarily suitable for all other countries and regions[24].
Comparing water quality over land surface with water-environmental capacity of corresponding pollutants, carry out a review of the river-entry reduction or remaining water-environmental capacity.
For this reason, river-entry reduction or remaining water-environmental capacity acquired by computation must be translated into reduction volume of catchment-area pollutants discharge or remaining volume.
Online since: March 2009
Authors: Ali Shokuhfar, Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi
The obtained data show that the
nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with low contamination and suitable morphology can be produced in
Polyamide6 vials similar to stainless steel vials, therefore it seems that using polymeric and
polymeric based nanocomposite vials with high strength and wear resistance could lead to a new
way for the mass production of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with high performance, low
contamination and low cost.
According to data presented in Fig.2, and Table 2, by increasing the milling time, the crystallite size decreased but the lattice strain increased; but the rate of both of these variations (increase in the lattice strain and decrease in the crystallite size) decrease by increasing the milling time.
As can be seen, by increasing the milling time, reduction of particle size occurred but in this case the dominant phenomena were accretion and agglomeration.
It is evident in Fig.6 that by increasing the milling time, reduction of particle size occurred and the dominant phenomenon is agglomeration, until 60 hrs of milling.
With regard to the obtained data, a new method for the synthesis of nanocrystalline HA and preparation of spherical HA particles has been developed.
According to data presented in Fig.2, and Table 2, by increasing the milling time, the crystallite size decreased but the lattice strain increased; but the rate of both of these variations (increase in the lattice strain and decrease in the crystallite size) decrease by increasing the milling time.
As can be seen, by increasing the milling time, reduction of particle size occurred but in this case the dominant phenomena were accretion and agglomeration.
It is evident in Fig.6 that by increasing the milling time, reduction of particle size occurred and the dominant phenomenon is agglomeration, until 60 hrs of milling.
With regard to the obtained data, a new method for the synthesis of nanocrystalline HA and preparation of spherical HA particles has been developed.
Online since: March 2023
Authors: Sutikno Sutikno, Budi Istana, Samrith Khem, Putu Suwarta
The measurement data were obtained and compared with different densities and treatments.
The data of wasted OPF from 2002 to 2015 in Indonesia was reported [10].
Noise Reduction Coefficient.
Noise Reduction Coefficient.
Based on measurement data and discussion above section illustrated that: • The SAC of density 0.3g/cm3 with a thickness of 10mm of OPF composite can reach above 0.9 at 3200-5500 Hz for both untreated and treated.
The data of wasted OPF from 2002 to 2015 in Indonesia was reported [10].
Noise Reduction Coefficient.
Noise Reduction Coefficient.
Based on measurement data and discussion above section illustrated that: • The SAC of density 0.3g/cm3 with a thickness of 10mm of OPF composite can reach above 0.9 at 3200-5500 Hz for both untreated and treated.
Online since: July 2006
Authors: P. Jodin
It has been shown that a drastic reduction of the J-integral maximum value was obtained
by this repairing process.
Table 2 Materials data for computation.
Analysis of Results The reductions of the opening of the lip and of maximum J-integral value are given in Tables 3 and 4, with respect to the no-sleeve condition.
Table 3 Maximum opening of the crack lip percentage of reduction with respect to the no-sleeve case.
Table 4 Maximum values of J-integral reduction with respect to the no-sleeve case.
Table 2 Materials data for computation.
Analysis of Results The reductions of the opening of the lip and of maximum J-integral value are given in Tables 3 and 4, with respect to the no-sleeve condition.
Table 3 Maximum opening of the crack lip percentage of reduction with respect to the no-sleeve case.
Table 4 Maximum values of J-integral reduction with respect to the no-sleeve case.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Wen Long Xing, Bo Hu Zhang
Compared with the denoising in time domain, the calculation in frequency domain is relatively small, but the denoising effect is not very ideal [1].The noise reduction effect of wavelet threshold denoising method is better than other classical denoising methods.
Of course, if the selected threshold function is different, the noise reduction effect will be different [2].
Although the wavelet coefficients estimate value has good continuity and noise reduction effect is relatively smooth after disposing with soft threshold method.
Simulation experiment and results analysis In order to illustrate the noise reduction effect of the improved threshold denoising function is better than the traditional denoising effect of hard threshold function and soft threshold function.
The original speech signal obtained in experiments as "Shanxi sheng, Xi'an shi" (in Chinese), the tape recorder collection software that comes with windows, the sampling frequency is 8KHz, data length of 16 bits, the sampling points to 112000, sampling for single channel, audio file is preserved in wav format.
Of course, if the selected threshold function is different, the noise reduction effect will be different [2].
Although the wavelet coefficients estimate value has good continuity and noise reduction effect is relatively smooth after disposing with soft threshold method.
Simulation experiment and results analysis In order to illustrate the noise reduction effect of the improved threshold denoising function is better than the traditional denoising effect of hard threshold function and soft threshold function.
The original speech signal obtained in experiments as "Shanxi sheng, Xi'an shi" (in Chinese), the tape recorder collection software that comes with windows, the sampling frequency is 8KHz, data length of 16 bits, the sampling points to 112000, sampling for single channel, audio file is preserved in wav format.
Online since: June 2010
Authors: J.F. Li, Q. Fu, Chong Wei Cui
Table 1 total emission of pollutants discharged from Hejiagou river kg / d
Item Discharge value Item Discharge value
COD 172602 NH3-N 14205
As can be seen from Table1, the COD emission from Hejiagou river is 172 tons each day, the
ammonia nitrogen emission is 14 tons, and other pollutants' emissions cannot be ignored, these
pollutants are the monitoring data that represent the pollutants entering Songhua River mouth,
therefore it can be seen that Hejiagou river emissions seriously increase the Songhua River water
purification capacity, which results in a large number of pollutants cannot be degraded and
contaminates Songhua River, so it is quite urgent to govern the project construction of Hejiagou
river.
The reduction situations of pollutants Cottage sewage treatment plant plans to receive all the sewage outfall effluent from Hejiagou cottage sections (ie. east brook), which makes COD reach60mg / L after proper treatment, and the effluent is discharged into Hejiagou river.
In the cottage sewage treatment plant, the daily reduction amount of COD is 43.5 tons, the reduction capacity of NH4-N is 4.5 tons, and the reduction amount of TP is 0.6 tons.
The reduction situations of pollutants Cottage sewage treatment plant plans to receive all the sewage outfall effluent from Hejiagou cottage sections (ie. east brook), which makes COD reach60mg / L after proper treatment, and the effluent is discharged into Hejiagou river.
In the cottage sewage treatment plant, the daily reduction amount of COD is 43.5 tons, the reduction capacity of NH4-N is 4.5 tons, and the reduction amount of TP is 0.6 tons.
Online since: September 2015
Authors: M. Agilan, P.G. Venkatakrishnan, A. Sam Prabhakar, T. Venkateswaran, D. Sivakumar
Reduction in strength at higher aging temperature was due to coarsening of precipitates and loss of precipitate coherency with the matrix.
Reduction in tensile properties of weld metal compared to base material at their respective heat treatment condition was observed.
The reduction in hardness with increase in PWHT temperature is due to same reasons mentioned above in tensile properties.
· The reduction in tensile properties and hardness with increase in PWHT temperature was due to coarsening of precipitates, loss of coherency with the matrix and formation of reverted austenite at higher aging temperature. 5.
[3] AK steel. 2000. 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Product Data Bulletin, AK Steel Corporation, Middleton.
Reduction in tensile properties of weld metal compared to base material at their respective heat treatment condition was observed.
The reduction in hardness with increase in PWHT temperature is due to same reasons mentioned above in tensile properties.
· The reduction in tensile properties and hardness with increase in PWHT temperature was due to coarsening of precipitates, loss of coherency with the matrix and formation of reverted austenite at higher aging temperature. 5.
[3] AK steel. 2000. 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Product Data Bulletin, AK Steel Corporation, Middleton.
Dependence of the Channel Mobility in 3C-SiC n-MOSFETs on the Crystal Orientation and Channel Length
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Adolf Schöner, Gerhard Pensl, Heiko B. Weber, Svetlana Beljakowa, Bernd Zippelius, M. Krieger, Hiroyuki Nagasawa, Hidetsugu Uchida, Martin Hauck
We propose the following mechanisms in order to explain the observed experimental data:
(1) The increase of mFE with LCh for the [110]-and [-110]-direction up to 20 mm and 7 mm, respectively, (see items (a) and (b) above) is caused by the drain/source contact resistance RC.
When electrons cross this barrier, they will be scattered leading to a reduction of the mobility.
The Hall effect measurement conducted on Hall bars (3C-SiC substrate, wafer #3 with = 9mm) with Lrod = 5 mm is a further prove for the reduction of the mobility caused by the scattering process at Si-SFs (see Fig. 6). mH in [-110]-direction is smaller by a factor 2 compared to the [110]-direction over the complete investigated temperature range, which is also a strong hint that the scatter centers trapped at Si-SFs are electrically neutral.
This enhancement is attributed to the reduction of the conductivity effective mass when electrons move in [-110]-direction.
For LCh > or Lrod > , a strong reduction of the mobility in [-110]-direction is observed.
When electrons cross this barrier, they will be scattered leading to a reduction of the mobility.
The Hall effect measurement conducted on Hall bars (3C-SiC substrate, wafer #3 with = 9mm) with Lrod = 5 mm is a further prove for the reduction of the mobility caused by the scattering process at Si-SFs (see Fig. 6). mH in [-110]-direction is smaller by a factor 2 compared to the [110]-direction over the complete investigated temperature range, which is also a strong hint that the scatter centers trapped at Si-SFs are electrically neutral.
This enhancement is attributed to the reduction of the conductivity effective mass when electrons move in [-110]-direction.
For LCh > or Lrod > , a strong reduction of the mobility in [-110]-direction is observed.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Yi Liu, Yan Hua Yang, Fu Quan Ji
According to the detailed survey data in site, the coefficient of permeability(K) is 23.84 m/d for the foundation, while the drawdown is 11.79 meters.
The shear strength reduction method is reasonable for stability analysis of the slope.
Fig. 8 Slide plane by the shear strength reduction method The Levee Design Specifications (GB 50286 - 98) rules that the concessional coefficient of stability against sliding is 1.30 for the one-level levee.
The coefficients of stability against sliding meet the requirements ruled by the Levee Design Specifications (GB 50286-98), which are calculated by the shear strength reduction method.
Slope stability analysis by strength reduction[J].
The shear strength reduction method is reasonable for stability analysis of the slope.
Fig. 8 Slide plane by the shear strength reduction method The Levee Design Specifications (GB 50286 - 98) rules that the concessional coefficient of stability against sliding is 1.30 for the one-level levee.
The coefficients of stability against sliding meet the requirements ruled by the Levee Design Specifications (GB 50286-98), which are calculated by the shear strength reduction method.
Slope stability analysis by strength reduction[J].
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Ondřej Bezděk, Pavel Šiler, Iva Kolářová, František Šoukal, Eva Bartoníčková, Tomáš Opravil
It is known that with decreasing particle size of aggregate the increasing amount of water is needed for the wetting of surface, which ultimately leads to the reduction in resulting strength [3].
The monitoring of the heat development is particularly important because high temperature gradients in massive concrete blocks can lead to the development of cracks and therefore to the reduction of mechanical properties and durability of concrete.
The data were collected using an isoperibolic calorimeter constructed at the Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology (Brno, Czech Republic) [5] and the resulting value of heat was obtained by numerical integration and multiplying by the integration constant of calorimeter which was obtained from the calibration.
The reason for the reduction of developed heat is the effect of ‘‘dilution’’.
It requires much higher amount of water to wet the surface which results in the reduction of compressive strength.
The monitoring of the heat development is particularly important because high temperature gradients in massive concrete blocks can lead to the development of cracks and therefore to the reduction of mechanical properties and durability of concrete.
The data were collected using an isoperibolic calorimeter constructed at the Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology (Brno, Czech Republic) [5] and the resulting value of heat was obtained by numerical integration and multiplying by the integration constant of calorimeter which was obtained from the calibration.
The reason for the reduction of developed heat is the effect of ‘‘dilution’’.
It requires much higher amount of water to wet the surface which results in the reduction of compressive strength.