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This reduction is caused by the manufacturing process, which results in an uneven distribution of fibres across the cross section and often undesirable corrugations, as well as in the deflection of the applied force away from the longitudinal axis of the reinforcement.
The result is a significant reduction in tensile strength [1].
Despite the significant reduction in load capacity, the use of bent FRP reinforcement is justified, as it complements the range of non-metallic composite reinforcements and allows for the complex reinforcement of structural details and complex cross-sectional shapes.
For the slab variant with longitudinal FRP reinforcement, there was a reduction of the punching capacity of up to about 50% compared to reinforced concrete.
Acknowledgements Data for the results presented were obtained with financial support from the funds of the specific research FAST–S–21–7503 "Use of indirect FRP reinforcements in the design of selected details of point-supported ceiling structure" and project TH04020431 "Extension of application area of FRP reinforcement in concrete structures".

The factory owners of building materials can file the application and supply test data with TAF certification, proofs of production, ingredient and quality control, and registration document of its legality.
The recycled GBMs meet the demand of CO2 Emission Reduction and Waste Reduction Indicators.
Table 1 Relationship between Taiwan’s Green Building Evaluation and Green Building Material Application Green Building Rating System EEWH Green Building Material Labeling System Category Evaluation Indicators Applications Ecology Bio-diversity Greenery Soil Water Content (Water infiltration and retention) -- -- High-performance GBM (permeability), Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM Energy Saving Energy conservation High-performance GBM (energy saving) Waste Reduction CO2 emission reduction Construction waste reduction Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM Health Indoor environment Water conservation Sewage and garbage improvement Healthy GBM, Ecological GBM, Recycled GBM, High-performance GBM (sound insulation) High-performance GBM -- From the perspective of the “Architecture Doctor (AD)” concept, now researchers and experts would diagnose causes of IEQ problems and prescribe recipes, for instance, strategies of green building and green building material

Data obtained from HTTM were displacement and load which corresponding to the 0.2% offset yield strength as well as tensile strength of each tested sample.
The reduction in area as ductility was measured around failed cross section of sample.
Fig. 5(c) indicates the percent reduction of area vs tested temperature of welded samples.
The results show that when the tested temperature increases, the percent of reduction area (%RA), which represents ductility of material, is also higher, except ER90S-B9 welded sample at 650°C which is significantly decreased.
This result corresponds to the lower percent reduction of area which shows brittle characteristic.

Analysis data showed the current conventional water treatment process has severe shortcomings for treating water suddenly polluted by algae, ammonium and organic matter.
The removal rate of organic matter in the conventional water treatment process is limited to 20%~30%, and there is nearly no reduction when the concentration of the OM is around trace degree [1].
Combination of O3 and UV with H2O2 was found to result in more TOC and UV254 reduction than the individual processes.
The O3/UV process was found to be the most effective AOP for OM reduction, with TOC and UV254 reduced by 31 and 88%, respectively.
AOPs may find better application in combination with other treatments, thus enhancing their efficiency for OM removal, for example, the combination of AOP and BAC treatment has been suggested to offer a more viable option for the reduction of harmful DBPs than the AOP alone.

Friction factor maps allow quantifying the friction factor along the contact area between parts and tools, by simply considering the decrease in internal diameter versus the reduction in height experienced by the workpiece during the forging process.
For a specific reduction in height there is a critical friction value where the inner diameter increases compared to the original one when the friction factor is low-medium, and decreases when the friction factor is high.
Based on this effect, friction factors maps can be drawn, considering the percentage of decrease in internal diameter, rd (Eq. 1), versus the percentage of reduction in height of the ring, rh (Eq. 2), for each particular friction factor: (1) (2) where di,0 is the internal diameter of the ring at the initial stage, di,1 is the internal diameter of the ring at the final stage, h0 is the initial height of the ring and h1 the final height of the ring for every reduction.
The applicability of friction factors maps is to determine the friction factor, m, involved in actual metal forming operations; thus, when a material is formed using a particular lubricant, by measuring the internal diameter change of the ring for a specific reduction in height this parameter can be read directly from the map.
Displacement data in height and inner diameter are provided by the FE software in every step of the simulation for all the friction factors and materials considered.

Following the rapid reduction at an early deformation (e < 0.5) the transverse grain size monotonously decreases during multiple rolling at 800-900°C.
Namely, following the rapid reduction during straining to 0.4, the grain size demonstrate weak strain dependence in the strain range of 0.4 < e <0.8.
Then, the rapid reduction in the grain size takes place in the strain range of 0.8 < e < 1.2 followed by a decrease in the grain refinement rate at larger strains.
The rapid reduction of the transverse grain size in the intermediate strain range is closely connected with the development of the frequently intersected deformation microbands.
This figure includes the present results along with the same literature data [13-18].

Using identical set of physical device parameters (doping, thicknesses), simulated structure was first calibrated with the experimental data.
A good match with the experimental data was first obtained (Fig. 2: left) where the minority carrier life time and contact resistances were used as fitting parameters to match with the experimental results.
Compared to Si, 4H-SiC based IGBTs show smaller on-state voltages and lower on-resistances indicating significant reduction in the conduction loss potential at higher blocking voltages.
Note that the data extracted from Si based IGBTs belong to available blocking voltage class with drift layer of thickness 350 – 650 µm while numerical simulated SiC based IGBTs uses a drift layer with maximum thickness of 200 µm (Nd of ~1 x 1014 cm-3) to achieve a maximum blocking voltage of 20 kV.
[7] Silvaco data system Inc, Atlas user manual, Ver 5.15.31.C, (2009).

A stable Ag NPs suspension was synthesized via the reduction of silver nitrate using sodium citrate.
Therefore, great efforts have been contributed to studying methods for the preparation of Ag NPs, including chemical reduction [4], thermal decomposition [5], and laser ablation [6].
Chemical reduction is the most frequently approach to synthesis Ag NPs using sodium borohydride or citrate as reducing and protecting agents, because it is relatively simple and efficient.
Further treatment with APTES and AEAPTES results in sharp increase in the data 52.2±0.5 °and 42.37±1.0 °, respectively, indicating that the wettability of the surfaces have changed.

Ultrasonic attenuation coefficient was found to have a linear correlation with the hardness, and suggested accordingly as a potential nondestructive evaluation parameter for assessing the mechanical strength reduction of the isothermally degraded 2.25Cr-1Mo steel.
However, this steel is known to be subject to thermal degradation after long exposure to high temperatures, which causes strength reduction due to coarsening of carbides, precipitation of stable ones and/or softening of matrix [1,2].
The ultrasonic measurement system used in this experiment consisted of a pulser/receiver (Panametric 5601A/TT) for pulsating high frequency wave, a digital storage oscilloscope (Lecroy 9310) for analog/digital convert, three piezoelectric longitudinal broad band probe (Panametrics) with each center frequency of 5, 10 and 35 MHz, a immersion tank with a unit of parallelismadjustment and a personal computer with a commercial software for data acquisition and signal processing. 100-times averaged pulse echo signal received in time domain was fast Fourier transformed to obtain a frequency spectrum, from which attenuation coefficients at various frequency components were determined.
The reduction in hardness with increasing thermal degradation time is roughly attributed to the coarsening of carbides, although other microstructural factor such as depletion of solution hardening elements also plays some role [8].

The presented method is able to estimate the effect of the helix angle on the sliding loss correctly whereas the estimation without using the data of tooth contact pattern cannot.
(1) Where n is the position ratio related to the meshing position, Φ is the pressure angle, μ is the friction coefficient and m is the speed reduction ratio.
This may cause the reduction in overall sliding loss ratio due to the reduction of contact area.