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Friction factor maps allow quantifying the friction factor along the contact area between parts and tools, by simply considering the decrease in internal diameter versus the reduction in height experienced by the workpiece during the forging process.
For a specific reduction in height there is a critical friction value where the inner diameter increases compared to the original one when the friction factor is low-medium, and decreases when the friction factor is high.
Based on this effect, friction factors maps can be drawn, considering the percentage of decrease in internal diameter, rd (Eq. 1), versus the percentage of reduction in height of the ring, rh (Eq. 2), for each particular friction factor: (1) (2) where di,0 is the internal diameter of the ring at the initial stage, di,1 is the internal diameter of the ring at the final stage, h0 is the initial height of the ring and h1 the final height of the ring for every reduction.
The applicability of friction factors maps is to determine the friction factor, m, involved in actual metal forming operations; thus, when a material is formed using a particular lubricant, by measuring the internal diameter change of the ring for a specific reduction in height this parameter can be read directly from the map.
Displacement data in height and inner diameter are provided by the FE software in every step of the simulation for all the friction factors and materials considered.

Following the rapid reduction at an early deformation (e < 0.5) the transverse grain size monotonously decreases during multiple rolling at 800-900°C.
Namely, following the rapid reduction during straining to 0.4, the grain size demonstrate weak strain dependence in the strain range of 0.4 < e <0.8.
Then, the rapid reduction in the grain size takes place in the strain range of 0.8 < e < 1.2 followed by a decrease in the grain refinement rate at larger strains.
The rapid reduction of the transverse grain size in the intermediate strain range is closely connected with the development of the frequently intersected deformation microbands.
This figure includes the present results along with the same literature data [13-18].

Based on this data, the thermal behavior of the solar panel under such extreme environmental conditions is analyzed.
Consequently, the data strongly suggest that active cooling is essential for units facing these conditions, in order to maintain system efficiency and longevity.
Based on these findings, the study offers the following recommendations for future work: - Expand thermal analysis to include the influence of time-varying climatic variables using real, location-specific environmental data
Darwish, Impact of solar photovoltaic technology on GHGs reduction - a case study in Jordan, Nafta Gaz. 79(12) (2023) 809–813
Topič, Global Climate Data Processing and Mapping of Degradation Mechanisms and Degradation Rates of PV Modules.

The concrete shear resistance seems to change little and the shear capacity can be calculated by just taking into consideration the reduction in stirrup shear resistance.
Test data from published literature [4], [5], [12] were also introduced in Fig. 10.
That is to say, if the maximum sectional area loss of the stirrups due to corrosion is below 45% (for the test data in this study, the value is 35%), the influence of stirrup corrosion on Vc can be ignored, and the shear capacity can be predict accurately by just taking into account the reduction of Vs caused by maximum sectional area loss of the corroded stirrups.
The shear capacity can be evaluated simply by allowing for the reduction of Vs due to the sectional area loss of the stirrups.

Color parameters, pH, thiobarbituric(TBARS), bacterial growth, and Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) were determined.
Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) determination Meat samples (5 g), 15 ml de-ionized water, and 50 μl butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, in 7.2% in ethanol) were transferred to a 50-ml test tube and homogenized for 15 s with a probe type homogenizer(Janke & Kunkel, Staufen, Germany).
Data were analyzed by the General Linear Models, ANOVA, and Tukey test using the Statistix 8.0 software package (Analytical Software, St.
Color parameters during storage Color Parameter Storage (week) Treatment Control 300 MPa 500 MPa L* 0 55.94 ± 0.05Ab 57.62 ± 0.28Ba 50.49 ± 0.26Cc 1 56.78 ± 0.17Aa 56.43 ± 0.13Ab 56.57 ± 0.14Aa 2 47.83 ± 0.40Af 49.64 ± 0.12Ad 49.05 ± 0.04Bd 3 51.73 ± 0.19Ad 52.31 ± 0.16Bc 50.81 ± 0.07Cc 4 49.82 ± 0.06Ae 46.02 ± 0.06Be 45.54 ± 0.23Ce 5 53.83 ± 0.04Ac 51.85 ± 0.36Bc 51.89 ± 0.08Bb a* 0 1.34 ± 0.49Ac 0.94 ± 0.08ABd 0.46 ± 0.14Bc 1 1.26 ± 0.44Ac 2.55 ± 0.18Aab 2.63 ± 0.34Ba 2 2.92 ± 0.12Aa 1.89 ± 0.44ABc 2.28 ± 0.04Ba 3 2.47 ± 0.09Aab 1.84 ± 0.14ABc 2.75 ± 0.5Ba 4 1.86 ± 0.31Abc 2.62 ± 0.14Aa 2.51 ± 0.24Ba 5 3.09 ± 0.06Aa 1.96 ± 0.18Bbc 1.49 ± 0.10Cb b* 0 18.3 ± 0.08Aa 16.79 ± 0.05Bb 17.49 ± 0.20Ca 1 17.94 ± 0.12Aa 17.60 ± 0.24Aa 16.13 ± 0.07Bb 2 14.41 ± 0.10Ab 12.78 ± 0.20Bd 12.50 ± 0.09Bd 3 13.56 ± 0.32Ac 13.52 ± 0.12Ac 12.17 ± 0.03Be 4 13.04 ± 0.05Ad 13.13 ± 0.12Acd 12.49 ± 0.03Bd 5 14.01 ± 0.03Ab 13.16 ± 0.01Bcd 14.37 ± 0.02Cc Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Changes in Mb and Met-Mb Figure 4 shows that Mb decreased and Met-Mb increased and subsequently decreased in all samples From weeks 0 to 1, the reduction in Mb was significant (P < 0.05) ,this result is attributed to the oxidation of ferrous-Mb into ferric-Mb.

The suitable speed is corresponding to copper wire characteristic as preferred, prevent copper wire fracture and time reduction compare to human work. 1 Introduction Hard disk drive becomes one of important parts that are essential to computer.
It helps improving computer to calculate and store data efficiently.
This new placement process will make the copper wire placement process be more qualified, time reduction in the process and replacing human work for placement.

Curing the AAS cement in bittern environment leads to a reduction in the total pore volume and to a refinement of the pore structures.
Analysis of the pore size distribution data shows that AAS cement cured in the fresh water has a much higher proportion of pore sizes 700–10000 nm than that of AAS cement cured in the bittern solution, as shown in Fig. 6.
Curing the AAS cement in bittern environment leads to a reduction in the total pore volume and to a refinement of the pore structures.

The added part in the ground plane and the meta-material are used to enable the antenna height reduction for fixed ranges of operating frequency.
Introduction The DVB-T system has been adopted by many countries, this system offers high-data-rate transmission, provides interactive services, and operates on small amounts of power.
The main objective of research on LHMs is the improvement of the radiation pattern, directivity and bandwidth, and antenna size reduction.

The occurrence of such reduction was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy.
A marked reduction of the BTB concentration from 125 mg/l to 78 mg/L was realized.
The change in the concentration of BTB with time was monitored and the resulting data subjected to various kinetic models.
The data obtained was found to fit the pseudo first order kinetic model based on Eq.2 below; k=1tln[BTB]o[BTB]t (2) Where [BTB]o refers to the initial concentration of brymothymol blue while as [BTB]t is the concentration of BTB remaining after time t.
The data obtained is presented in Table 1 and Figure 9 below.

The treatment also led to reduction in strength of the wool fiber.
Fig. 1 and Table 1 are AFM images and roughness data of untreated and treated wool fiber samples, respectively.
The crystallinities of the samples were calculated based on the data in Fig. 4.
After ECO treatment, the damage to disulfide bonds and changes of crystals within the fiber structure would reduce the fiber’s flexibility and strength, including reduction in breaking strength by 19.78%, initial modulus by 4.31%and breaking work by 13.72%.