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The stress at each failure site is obtained as a function of both the loading conditions and the geometry and material properties.
Fig.1 The generic PoF procedure The PoF approach incorporates reliability into the design process by establishing a scientific basis for evaluating new materials, structures, and electronics technologies.
Therefore, the reliability design and analysis technique based on PoF is based on the modern digital design techniques, modern virtual test technique, abundant basic materials data and basic failure model data, takes the design information, environmental and working conditions as the input, and utilizes engineering software and ways to analyze and assess the reliability of the product.
Physics-of-Failure: An Approach to Reliable Product Development, Journal of the Institute of Environmental Sciences[C], Vol. 38, pp. 30-34, September/October 1995
Application of Physics-of-Failure Method in Reliability Design of Electronic Products[C]. 2010 International Conference on Frontiers of Manufacturing and Design Science, China: Chongqing, December 2010

In this model, enterprise resources can be divided into two categories which are material resources and human resources. material resources model (psv-1a), describe the material resources of enterprises have.
For example, company material resources include computers, cars, warehouse etc.
By listing and classifying these material resources, the designers of the enterprise architecture can have a clear understanding of the material resources which enterprises have.
Zachman, A Framework for Information Systems Architecture,J.IBM Systems Journal .26(1987)276-292
Communications in Computer and Information Science. 218 (2011)81-87

Materials Mechanical stress generated in martensite and austenite in the first cycles of direct and reverse martensitic transformations under cooling and heating in the range of temperatures 265-320K was measured in NiTi alloy with characteristic temperatures of martensitic transformations: Ms = 284K, Mf = 272K, As = 300K, Af = 312K.
Their absolute values depend on phase composition of material and affect mechanisms of cell motility.
Razov, X-ray determination of stresses in medical constructions of nickel-titanium alloys by extrapolation method, Material Science 6 (2011) 29-31
Ren, Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys, Progress in Materials Science 50 (2005) 511–678
[13] L.Normana, K.Senguptab, H.Aranda-Espinozaa, Blebbing dynamics during endothelial cell spreading, European Journal of Cell Biology 90 (2011) 37–48

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance of Anatase by Silver Deposition through Chemical Reduction Process at Room Temperature Tanaporn Narkbuakaew1,a, Pornapa Sujaridworakun1,2,b* 1Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 2Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
Experimental Details Materials and Procedures.
Acknowledgement For the financially support, we would like to thank you Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University.
Maroto-Valer, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C, Review of material design and reactor engineering on TiO2 photocatalysis for CO2 reduction, Photochemistry Reviews. 24 (2015) 16-42

This method considered that the material expands when heated, and if the sleeve and the bearing bush temperature increases by 1 ºC, the corresponding stress would be transferred to the connecting rod shank.
He, Journal of Materials of Processing Technology 192, 151(2004)
Kong, Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science Edition). 1, 37(2009)

To achieve this goal, any potential criteria must be considered in selecting a particular plant location, including investment cost, human resources, availability of acquirement material, climate, etc.
The first ELMAS marble factory was founded in 1986, and they have been supplying the raw material from their own travertine quarry in Denizli for 20 years, so far.
Ataei: Multicriteria selection for alumina-cement plant location in East Azerbaijan province of Iran, The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 105(7) (2005) pp. 507-514
Ataei: Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision making tools, The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 104(9) (2004) pp. 493-498
Ozer: Determination of optimum plant location for marble factories, Master of Science thesis, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Graduate School, Turkey (2005)

The simulation results and analysis The casting material is aluminum alloy of Al-Mg-Cu.
Journal of Metals Process, 1986, 38: 14
Journal of Crystal Growth. 91(1-2) (1988)50-56
Pilot-scale casting of single crystal copper wires by the Ohno continuous casting process．J Materials Science. 1995, 30: 5438-5 448

Fracture parameters J integral and CTSD The J-integral is a widely accepted fracture mechanics parameter for both linear and nonlinear material response.
It is related to the energy release associated with the crack growth and is a measure of the intensity of deformation at a notch or crack tip, especially for nonlinear materials.
Acknowledgment：：：：This work is supported by NSAF foundation (10276033) of the National Science Function of China (NSFC) and Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP).
Journal of Fracture 36, 243-248 [4] Nakamura, T. and Parks, D.M. (1988) three-dimensional stress field near the crack front of a thin elastic plate.
Journal of Applied Mechanics 55, 805-813 [5] Nakamura, T. and Parks, D.M. (1990) Three-dimensional crack front fields in a thin ductile plate.

Energy and material efficient processes for optimized consumption of resources c.
United Kingdom (2013) The Government Office for Science defined a template for the FoF based on six components [5]: a.
Resource optimization: ensuring the supply of raw materials and energy requires the reduction of the overall consumption.
Lemessi, “coupling of interactive manufacturing operations simulation and immersive virtual reality”, Virtual Reality Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp-15-23, Springer-Verlag, March 2012
Vézien, “VR–CAD integration: multimodal immersive interaction and advanced haptic paradigms for implicit edition of cad models”, Computer-Aided Design Journal, Vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 445–461, May 2010; [15] A.

Study on Catalyst for Catalytic Ozonation to Leachate and Catalytic Process Baojun JIANG1, 2, a, Zhujun TIAN1, b, Jinming JIANG3, c 1Songliao Institute of Water Environmental Science, Changchun 130021, China 2Dpartment of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China 3Dpartment of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China aemail: jiangbaojun.happy@163.com, bemail: tzj@slwr.gov.cn, bemail: jjmwolf@outlook.com.
Material and Methods Sources and Characteristics of the Landfill Leachate The experiment landfill leachate was collected from the simulative reactor of landfill, there were five of them, and they were cylindrical Plexiglas’s column with 0.15 meters inside diameter and 1.75 meters altitude.
Fig.7 Different ozone dosing to the same landfill leachate According to all results been analyzed, the process of catalytic ozonation to the landfill leachate conformed the two routes of heterogeneous catalytic, the routes advanced by Lebube and the others, and the non–preference of hydroxyl radical is considered at oxidation, but the difficulty level of matters are disaccord, so there maybe three stages for catalytic ozonation to the landfill leachate: firstly, the stage of deamination oxidation, organic material could been taken off amino group by the catalyst combing with the ozone easily, the ammonia nitrogen formed; secondly, the stage of comprehensive oxidation, any matters could be oxidized sufficiently before the highest COD removal rate; the end is excess oxidation, the catalyst maybe out of use and the oxidation ability of the hydroxyl radical are weaken or staying to the hard matters.
Journal of Zhejiang university (Agric．
Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2005, 26(3):430–435