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Surface waviness were estimated by Fast Fourier Transfer from surface data measured using the Optiflat interferometer.
A one to two orders reduction in surface roughness was observed after first 8 minutes.
Consequently, polishing with a higher pressure might be helpful for the reduction of surface roughness when a softer polishing pad was used.
In this study, surface waviness was estimated by filtering the data of surface form with spatial wavelength range of 0.4 mm ~5.0 mm and making an average of those data within the wavelength range.
A two time reduction in surface waviness was observed in the first 8 minutes.

Because EDM is heat energy machining, the reduction of the magnetic flux density must be considered.
On the other hand, when the nonmagnetized material was machined using EDM, the inversion of the polarity did not occur at any machining depth, and the reduction of the magnetic flux density depended on the hole depth.
Therefore, the measured values were lower than the surface data shown in Fig. 1.
The data from the Tesla meter was logged at a sampling interval of 0.5 s during machining.
However, clearly identifying the source of the variation based on the limited data is not possible.

Load distribution, i. e. the distribution of reduction of each stand, is the core content of setting rolling regulations.
(4) Where, 0.21 0.3m h = + is a parameter obtained from a large number of experimental data.
On the basis of load distribution using Φ, the shape stiffness of the rolling mill and the rolled piece, the variation of mechanical crown, the variation of rolling force and the adjustment of reduction are calculated by the deviation of strip crown measured at the mill exit.
The values of adjusting parameters and on-line measured data are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 On-line measured data when objective adjustment of exit crown is -0.020mm （steel grade Q235, entry thickness 31.230mm, target thickness 3.500mm） stand No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 real exit thickness after adjusting rolling regulation h1[mm] 18.266 10.585 6.691 4.956 4.074 3.536 real rolling force P[kN] 18842 17774 16378 12036 9420 7207 variation of rolling force P∆ [kN] -834 -723 -656 variation of crown [mm] -0.019 Comparison of the RRRResults.

The result shows that the total center distance obtained is 2609mm,which is decreased by 400mm compared with the original data, the other parameters are shown in Table 1.
To use the micro geometry study in ROMAX , using Monte Carlo method,the maximum transmission error under the load spectrum as the optimization target, the tooth lead crown modification as parameters variables, the tooth lead slope as the constraint condition, then the optimized modification scheme is obtained.The final optimum amount of modification is 355.46um and lead slope is 47.8 um. 4.3 Data analysis In order to reduce the deformation of the shafts, increasing the diameter of the shaft where gears installation, adding the shoulder fillets to avoid stress concentration, and the optimized results are shown in Fig.4 and Fig.5.
Both the simulated and experimental results show that the presented precise TPM(tooth profile modification) of helical gears is effective on vibration reduction around the working load, and the dynamic contact simulation is effective in estimating the effect of the TPM on vibration reduction in the designing stage.
A large reduction in the transmission error can effectively reduce the vibration and noise of the whole transmission system.
(1) Using mathematical software, in order to satisfy the requirements of the strength of the allowable value, the excavator has to decrease its total center distance to 2609mm, reduced by 400mm compare with the original data, improving the space usage

A sampling point location is noted with GPS.We acquire many chemical element’s concentration data in every sampling point with special instrument testing and analysing.
We mark every metal element’s concentration data.We calculate with interpolation function(Griddata).
According to eight heavy metal elements’ concentration in every sampling point,we obtain eight heavy metal elements’ average content of every area （）by excel’s data statistics.
K is assumed to be contamination rate of reduction.
Ingoing volumetric contamination quantity of unit time is: Outgoing volumetric contamination quantity of unit time is: If volumetric contamination occur primary reduction reaction,That reduction lead to change contamination quantity is .

The lines drawn refer to the best fit of the experimental data to a numerical solution of the continuity equation with sf as unknown parameter.
The symbols refer to the data measured, the lines drawn to fits with the simple model explained in the main text.
As the treatments used act only on the surfaces (with a possible exception for the deposition of Si3N4) the change of the decay behaviour is due to changes of s: The largest reduction of s is observed in a I2/ethanol solution, a somewhat smaller reduction after Si3N4 deposition at both surfaces and the smallest reduction after a HF dip.
This yields: HF dip 2.5*103cms-1 < s < 3.5*103cms-1 Si3N4 covered 7*10 1cms-1 < s < 3.5*102 cms-1 In I2/ethanol solution 0 < s < 2.5*10 2cms-1 It is clear that a HF dip does not suffice to reduce s and increase τs enough to neglect (τs)-1 in Eq.3 so that the measured decay time τeff corresponds to τb: If this is assumed the data in Fig.3 give τb=6.5µs, although the measurement in I2/ethanol solution shows that τb is at least 50µs.

The vibration reduction of a coach with the suspension system is achieved by controlling the stiffness of the air spring and the damping of a switchable damper.
Relative damping ratiocan be used to evaluate the degree of vibration reduction.
According to the above simulation data in graphs, it is found that the seat vertical acceleration RMS reduced by 23.2% which gives a large improvement in ride performance; in addition, the RMS of the suspension dynamic deflection and the tire dynamic load have a little increase but still in the constraint condition.
The simulation data was analyzed.

Quantities of billets were compressed at constant strain rate and temperature with 60% height reduction on Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation testing machine to study the plastic flow behaviors of the test alloy.
Therefore, based on the experimentally measured data, a number of research groups have made efforts to develop constitutive equations to describe the hot deformation behaviors of metals and alloys.
The samples were deformed up to 60% height reduction.
Utilizing the experimental data, the plots that describe the relationship between peak stress and strain rate according to the power law and exponential law are given in Fig.6.

Among them Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) is one popular method in which two clean metal sheets get bonded by the pressure of the rolls when the amount of reduction is high.
After thorough brushing and cleaning two sheets were mechanically stacked and held for 5 min at 350 °C in a preheated furnace then rolled at this temperature without lubrication to 50% reduction in a single pass using a two high rolling mill.
In this sequence the ARB was carried out up to six cycles and plus final rolling to 50% reduction.
Therefore it is realized from this data that Al(Sc) containing grains required higher amount of deformation for forming this kind of substructures, as it happened in the present case.
The tensile testing data of the as rolled and annealed samples is shown in Fig. 3a, from which the ductility and yield strength of the alloy is summarized in Fig. 3b along with the data of some commercially available alloys of similar grade [14].

(1) In Eq. 2 R0.05 is the 5 percentile from the test data, s is the standard deviation from the test data, m the mean value from the test data and n is the number of test (2) The characteristics values are shown in Table 2 and allowable stresses values are shown in Table 3.
Table 2 Characteristics values [MPa] Bending Parallel tensile Parallel compression Perpendicular compression Parallel shear 37.4 40.7 20.3 1.7 3.5 Table 3 Allowable stresses [MPa] Bending Parallel tensile Parallel compression Perpendicular compression Parallel shear A 8.3 9.0 4.5 0.4 0.8 B 10.4 11.3 5.6 0.5 1.0 C 12.5 13.6 6.8 0.6 1.2 The differences among values shown in Tables 2 and 3 of this article and the values contained in the chapter G.12 of Colombian earthquake resistant code NSR10, are the result of the reduction factors worked, because the NSR10 works with different values of reduction for the characteristics values that depend on the type of load and to the status of perpendicular compression presented in NSR10, corresponding to internodes filled with cement wich increases the material strength.
Differences between the values shown in this paper and the values of NSR10 are caused for the difference in the reduction factors for characteristic values.