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Furthermore, their closed-cell geometry is attractive for energy absorption and insulating properties [2,6].
The presence of voids in any material has a significant influence on its physical and mechanical properties.
As to matrix porosity, it is generally undesirable, due to its degrading effect on the composite properties [5].
The balance between these phenomena determines the effect in terms of particle distribution, overall microstructure and FGM properties [10-11].
There are several factors affecting porosity such as pouring rates too slow, low casting temperatures, and filling mould problems among others.

The physical properties of the waste were compared with the real municipal solid waste (MSW).
For example, Jessberger et al. assessed the mechanical properties of waste materials in centrifuge using real MSW [2].
Physical Properties of Model Waste An ideal model waste should match the physical, chemical, and dynamic properties exhibited by the real MSW.
The main physical properties of MSW considered here are unit weight, void ratio, compression factor, shear strength and permeability coefficient.
The shear strength of municipal solid waste depends on many factors, such as its constituents, the mode of placement, and the age.

However, fatigue crack origin changed toward to the base material and the heat affected zone with increasing testing temperature.
Table 2 shows tensile property of the base materials used and the weld at room temperature and 300℃.
Table 2 Tensile properties for the base materials and the weld.
Change in mechanical property for the base material and weld metal due to increase in temperature induces change in fatigue mechanism and result in difference in fatigue strength of the weld joint at room temperature and 300℃.
Appropriate position for the welding in a component with temperature gradient can be considered by taking into account change in stress concentration effect and mechanical property at high temperature.

However, strong acids can also degrade polymer mechanical properties, necessitating careful selection of modification strategies [20].
More homogeneous dispersion may lead to uniform dissolution during acid exposure, ultimately affecting the material's stability and performance.
This observation indicates that while OA altered the surface properties of CC, it did not significantly affect the crystalline structures of the composite materials [39].
Bensaid, Factors controlling and influencing polymorphism, morphology and size of calcium carbonate synthesized through the carbonation route: A review, Powder Technol. 398 (2022) 117050-117050
Oyarzún, Effect of CaCO3 Nanoparticles on the Mechanical and Photo-Degradation Properties of LDPE, Molecules 24 (2018) 1-12

The mechanical properties of the film membranes showed an improvement upon reaching an optimal point.
Mechanical Properties.
The mechanical properties involving tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break were also observed in this study.
Fig. 4 The mechanical properties of the membranes produced at different O-MMT concentrations.
Anti-bacterial Properties.

From the previous researches, the stress resistance was affected by particle size distribution, carrier fluid viscosity, volume fraction, gap size, supplied current and compressive speed [1,4].
Three factors in the design of experiment (DOE) were bidisperse ratio, particle volume fraction and carrier fluid viscosity at two levels, which resulted in eight experiments.
Table 1 shows the attributes of the DOE, actual level of each parameter and details of samples properties for each sample.
Design : 2 level factorial Runs : 8 Design Model : 3FI Factor Name Low Actual High Actual Mean Std.
Table 3 shows a variance analysis of maximum stress using 2-factor interaction (2FI) model.

When the uplift force and soil properties are given, l, b, ht will be dispersed to {li, bi, hti}, respectively.
Considering the economic factors, the upper area was selected as the optimization objective function, as follows, minA(l, b)=l×b (7) (a) T=66kN (b) T=600kN Fig.2 Embedded depth affected by foundation upper surface area(ω= 60°) (a) T=66kN (b) T=600kN Fig.3 Variation of the embedded depth with respect to foundation length(ω= 60°) Fig.4 shows the influence of ω on the optimized embedded depth under different soil properties for T=66kN.
Comparing with ω, the embedded depth is more sensitive to soil properties.
The soil properties and uplift forces have an important influence on the optimized embedded depth.
For the given soil properties, the optimized embedded depth increases with the uplift forces.

Mechanical properties of the pre-strained material are different with those of virgin material without pre-strain.
Plastic deformation affects the tensile properties and fracture toughness.
The effects of prestrain on the mechanical properties of API 5L X65 pipe were diversely investigated through the tensile test, crack tip opening displacement test and Charpy impact test.
The level 1 does not need material properties of the components.
However, defects assessed with mechanical properties obtained at -40℃ are evaluated as safe state.

When subjected to long-term exposure at high temperature, the microstructure lost its best mechanical properties due to the microstructural instability.
Preliminary mechanical properties such as microhardness was conducted. 1.
Fe-Ni based superalloys have good mechanical properties such as good creep resistance, oxidation resistance, high strength at high temperature.
These factors define size, shape and volume fraction of the γ’ precipitates due to atomic diffusion time [7-10].
The differences in γ’ size and size distribution influence nominal mechanical properties.

Some scholars believe that the morphology, distribution, amount, size and structure of M/A in steels play a vital roles to the mechanical properties of steels especially to the toughness [8,9].
Consequently mechanical properties, especially the impact toughness will change at such situation.
When tempered at 700˚C it differs greatly from that tempered under 650˚C, because of following two factors: (1) The carbon atoms diffuse faster and more widely；(2) The ferrite around the retained austenite tends to reaustenize.
A, The effect of cooling rate on structure and properties of a HSLA forging, Scripta Materialia, 48(2003),No.1, p.51
Effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of an copper-bearing low carbon bainitic steel, Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 15(2008), No.1, p.38